Elastomer Blends and Composites: Principles, Characterization, Advances, and Applications

Front Cover
Elastomer Blends and Composites
Elastomer Blends and Composites
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
1 - Introduction to elastomers
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Vulcanization/cross-linking in elastomers
	1.3 Elastomeric composites and blends
	1.4 Recent developments in elastomeric blends and composites
		1.4.1 NR-based elastomers
		1.4.2 EPDM-based elastomers
		1.4.3 Silicone rubber
		1.4.4 Olefin thermoplastic elastomer
		1.4.5 Biodegradable elastomers
	1.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
2 - Manufacturing methods of elastomer blends and composites
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Preparation techniques
		2.2.1 Solvent casting
		2.2.2 Freeze drying
		2.2.3 Spray drying
		2.2.4 Latex stage compounding
		2.2.5 Heterocoagulation approach
		2.2.6 In situ polymerization
		2.2.7 Melt blending/extrusion
		2.2.8 Solid-state shear pulverization
		2.2.9 Liquid crystal elastomer
		2.2.10 Soft and biostable elastomer
		2.2.11 Short fiber reinforced elastomer composite
		2.2.12 Surface-modified flax elastomer composites
		2.2.13 Modeling for randomly oriented multimaterial
		2.2.14 Silicone composites
	2.3 Conclusion
	References
3 - Elastomer-based blends
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Compatibilization of elastomer-based blends
	3.3 Impact of nanofillers on elastomer-based blends
	3.4 Fabrication methods of elastomers
	3.5 Processing and characterization methods of elastomers-based blends
	3.6 Properties of elastomers-based blends
	3.7 Applications of elastomer-based blends
		3.7.1 Self-healable elastomer blends
		3.7.2 Food packaging application of elastomer-based blends
		3.7.3 Mechanical performance of elastomer-based blends
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
4 - Elastomer-based filler composites
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Preparation and properties of fillers
		4.2.1 Carbon black
		4.2.2 Silica
		4.2.3 Different fillers
			4.2.3.1 Magnetic fillers
			4.2.3.2 Copper nanowire
			4.2.3.3 Hybrid fillers (TiO2-Graphene)
			4.2.3.4 Piezoelectric (PZT) and silver-coated glass microsphere fillers
			4.2.3.5 SBS (styrene–butadiene–styrene/multiwall) carbon nanotubes fillers
			4.2.3.6 Carbon nanotubes and hybrid fillers
			4.2.3.7 Graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs), expanded graphite (EG), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
			4.2.3.8 3D graphene foam filler
			4.2.3.9 Boron nitride filled in polyolefin elastomer
			4.2.3.10 Expanded graphite filled with styrene isoprene styrene block copolymer
			4.2.3.11 Gamma-ferrite additive to carbonyl iron (CI) natural rubber (NR) composite
		4.2.4 Glycerol filler
	4.3 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
5 - Engineering applications of elastomer blends and composites
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Elastomer blends and composites processing methods
		5.2.1 Extrusion (twin or single screw)
		5.2.2 Brabender
		5.2.3 Two roll mills
		5.2.4 Radiation method
	5.3 Elastomer blends and composites engineering applications
		5.3.1 Biomedical engineering applications
		5.3.2 Ocean engineering applications
		5.3.3 Agriculture engineering applications
	5.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
6 - Rheology of elastomer blends and composites
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Basic aspects of rheology
	6.3 Basic key terms
	6.4 Rheological models
	6.5 Newtonian fluids (viscous liquids)
	6.6 Non-Newtonian fluids
	6.7 Conditions affecting the rheological properties of materials
	6.8 Effect of temperature
	6.9 Effect of the system structure at the micro-/nano-scale
	6.10 Applied rheology in elastomers, blends, and composites thereof
	6.11 Static versus dynamic rheological tests
	6.12 Laboratory tests and instrumentations
	6.13 Cone-and-plate rheometer
	6.14 Capillary viscometer
	6.15 Mooney viscometer
	6.16 Constitutive rheological models
	6.17 Uncured rubber melts
	6.18 Elastomer blends
	6.19 Elastomer composites
	6.20 Conclusions
	References
7 - Morphological characteristics of elastomer blends and composites
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Morphology
		7.2.1 Optical microscopy(OM)
		7.2.2 Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)
		7.2.3 Atomic force microscopy(AFM)
		7.2.4 Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)
		7.2.5 Field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM)
	7.3 Effect of plant fiber-reinforced elastomer composites
	7.4 Effect of synthetic fiber-reinforced elastomer composites
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
8 - Mechanical behavior of elastomer blends and composites
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Mechanical behavior of elastomer blends
	8.3 SMP of elastomer blends
	8.4 DMP of elastomer blends
	8.5 Mechanical behavior of elastomer composites
	8.6 SMP of elastomer composites
	8.7 DMP of elastomer composites
	8.8 Conclusions
	References
9 - Thermal behavior of elastomer blends and composites
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Thermodynamics of the rubber–rubber and rubber–polymer blends
	9.3 Thermal behavior of blends
		9.3.1 Thermal behavior analysis of elastomeric blends by DSC technique
		9.3.2 Thermal behavior analysis of elastomeric blends by DMA technique
		9.3.3 Thermal behavior analysis of elastomeric blends by TGA
	9.4 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites
		9.4.1 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites analyzed by DSC technique
		9.4.2 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites analyzed by DMA technique
		9.4.3 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites based on TGA technique
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 - Viscoelastic behavior of elastomer blends and composites
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Viscoelasticity: a property of materials
		10.1.2 Constitutive models of linear viscoelasticity
		10.1.3 Dynamic loading and responses
	10.2 Viscoelasticity of elastomer blends
	10.3 Viscoelasticity of elastomer composites
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 - Spectroscopy of elastomer blends and composites
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy
	11.3 Fluorescence spectroscopy
	11.4 NMR spectroscopy
	11.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
12 - Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering studies of elastomer blends and composites
	12.1 Focus
	12.2 X-ray diffraction
		12.2.1 The beginnings of WAXD
		12.2.2 Properties of X-rays
		12.2.3 Choosing the wavelength
		12.2.4 Filters versus monochromators
	12.3 Methods in X-ray scattering
		12.3.1 X-ray scattering and polymers
	12.4 Wide-angle X-ray diffraction, WAXD
		12.4.1 WAXD configurations
		12.4.2 X-ray patterns and preferred orientation
		12.4.3 Amorphous state and random microcrystallinity
		12.4.4 Detection systems
		12.4.5 Remarks
	12.5 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
		12.5.1 The beginnings of SAXS
		12.5.2 SAXS and polymers
		12.5.3 Diffuse small-angle scattering
			12.5.3.1 Guinier law
			12.5.3.2 Fractal structure
			12.5.3.3 Scattering equivalents
		12.5.4 Discrete small-angle scattering
			12.5.4.1 Two-phase model and Lorentz correction
			12.5.4.2 Invariant and radial correlation function
		12.5.5 Instrumentation for small-angle X-ray scattering
	12.6 Applications
	12.7 Synchrotron scattering
	12.8 Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
13 - Theoretical modeling and simulation of elastomer blends and nanocomposites
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Simulations of elastomers
		13.2.1 Thermoplastic elastomers
		13.2.2 Thermosetting elastomers
	13.3 Modeling study of elastomer blends and composites
		13.3.1 Thermal modeling
		13.3.2 Mechanical modeling
		13.3.3 Rheological modeling
	13.4 Major concern/challenges
	13.5 Conclusion and future scope
	References
14 - Recycling of elastomer blends and composites
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Devulcanization methods
		14.2.1 Chemical method
		14.2.2 Ultrasound method
		14.2.3 Microwave methods
		14.2.4 Thermomechanical methods
		14.2.5 Biological methods
		14.2.6 Supercritical methods
	14.3 Value-added products from revulcanized elastomeric blends and composites
	14.4 Conclusion
	14.5 Future perspectives
	References
	Further reading
15 - Applications of elastomer blends and composites
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Polyurethane-based elastomer blends and composites
		15.2.1 Polyurethane-based flame-retardant elastomer
		15.2.2 Polyurethane-based self-healing elastomer
		15.2.3 Polyurethane-based shape memory elastomer
		15.2.4 Polyurethane-based sensing elastomer
	15.3 Silicone-based elastomer blends and composites
	15.4 Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)-based elastomer
	15.5 Other elastomers
		15.5.1 Fluorocarbon elastomer
		15.5.2 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber elastomer
	15.6 Conclusions
	References
16 - Properties of elastomer–biological phenolic resin composites
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Biological phenolic resin
		16.2.1 Phenolic compounds from biomass-based
		16.2.2 Thermoplastic versus thermoset biological phenolic resin
		16.2.3 Elastomeric properties of thermoset and thermoplastic BPR
	16.3 Properties of blended composite
		16.3.1 Rheological characteristics
		16.3.2 Physical attributes
		16.3.3 Mechanical performances
		16.3.4 Thermal properties
	16.4 Conclusion
	16.5 Future trend
	Acknowledgments
	References
17 - Advances in stimuli-responsive and functional thermoplastic elastomers
	17.1 Overview of thermoplastic elastomers and their applications
	17.2 Introduction to model block copolymers as TPEs
	17.3 Physical modification of nonpolar TPEs and their applications
		17.3.1 Fabrication and properties of TPEGs
		17.3.2 Stimuli-responsive and electrically conductive TPEGs
	17.4 Chemical modification of nonpolar TPEs and their applications
	17.5 Morphological development and applications of charged TPEs
	17.6 Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
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