Egypt’s Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030: Researchers' Contributions: SDGs Viewed Through the Lens of Egypt’s Strategy and Researchers’ Views

Preface to “Egypt’s Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030”
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction to “Insights into Egypt’s Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030: Researchers’ Contributions”
	Abstract
	1 Background/Overview
	2 Themes of the Book
	3 Chapter’s Summary
	Acknowledgements
	References
2 Overview of the Poverty, Food Security and Nutrition Situation in Egypt
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Poverty and Food Security
	3 Poverty in Egypt
	4 Study Results
		4.1 Economic Reform in Egypt
		4.2 Poverty Rate
		4.3 Poverty and Deprivation in Rural Upper Egypt
		4.4 Poverty in the Poorest Villages of Egypt
		4.5 Egypt’s Poverty Rate
		4.6 Economic Reform Programme
			4.6.1 National Reform Following the 2013 Revolution
			4.6.2 Development of the Suez Canal Hub
			4.6.3 National Sinai Development Project
			4.6.4 The Million and a Half Million Acres Project
			4.6.5 National Energy Project
	5 Conclusions and Future Direction
	References
3 Long-Term Control of Desertification: Is Organic Farming Superior to Conventional? Soil and Established Arid Cultivation Practices at SEKEM, Egypt
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 SEKEM Agricultural Site
	3 Organic—Biodynamic Cultivation Practices
		3.1 Compost, Natural Fertilizing
		3.2 Crop Rotation and Co-cultivation
		3.3 Manual Tillage
	4 Soil Properties in Organic Farming
		4.1 Organic Carbon Content, Water Storage Capacity
		4.2 Soil Parameters Related to Tilth
		4.3 Soil Microbiology
		4.4 Pesticides, Fertilizers and Soil Parameters
	5 Farming System and Risk of Erosion
	6 Synopsis: Organic and Conventional Farming in Desertification Control
	7 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
4 The Effect of COVID-19 on the Egyptian Education System and the Role of Digitalization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Education and Sustainable Development
	3 Resilience in Education: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19
	4 The Impact of the Coronavirus on the Educational Systems: Some Global Experiences and Egypt
	5 An Overview of the Egyptian Policy Responses: The Education System Perspective
	6 Matrix of Proposed Resilience Pillars and Execution Mechanisms
	7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 Culture and Principles of Equity and Gender Equality as a Basis of Holistic Sustainable Development at SEKEM, Egypt
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 SEKEM Founder Developing His Vision of Society and Culture
		1.2 Initiative for Holistic Sustainable Development
	2 REVIEW: The Four Sustainability Dimensions at SEKEM
		2.1 Economic Dimension of Sustainability
		2.2 Ecological Dimension of Sustainability
		2.3 Societal Dimension of Sustainability
			2.3.1 Equal Society, Empowerment of Women
			2.3.2 Partnerships, Financial Structure
		2.4 Cultural Dimension: Equity in Education and Development
			2.4.1 Cultural Core Program
			2.4.2 Health Care Activities
			2.4.3 Educational Programs
			2.4.4 Nursery and Kindergarten
			2.4.5 SEKEM School and School for Special Needs
			2.4.6 Adult Education Program
			2.4.7 Vocational Training Centre (VTC)
			2.4.8 Research
			2.4.9 Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development (HUSD)
	3 SYNOPSIS: SEKEM—Status of Sustainability, Vision Until 2057
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Integrated Hydrological Modeling and Geoinformatics for Harvesting and Simulating Mountain Torrents on the Area Stretching Between Port Sudan and Ras Bennas, Red Sea
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area and Its Problem
		2.2 Research Approaches and Techniques
		2.3 Integrated Methodology
			2.3.1 Overall Resources and Data Processing
			2.3.2 Climatic Characteristics
			2.3.3 Topographic Characteristics
			2.3.4 Geological Characteristics
			2.3.5 Soil Characteristics
			2.3.6 Land-Use Data
			2.3.7 Hydrological Modeling
		2.4 Rain Probability for 100 Years
		2.5 Rainwater Loss Estimation
	3 Results
		3.1 Morphometric Characteristics of the Basins
			3.1.1 Area of the Basins
			3.1.2 Drainage Network
		3.2 Hydrological Characteristics of the Drainage Basins
			3.2.1 Time of Concentration
			3.2.2 Slowdown
			3.2.3 Volume of Shallow Drainage of the Basins
		3.3 Harvest of the Water Torrents
			3.3.1 Dam Position Selection
			3.3.2 Spatial Distribution and Characteristics of Dams
	4 Priorities for Dam Creation
	5 Discussion and Conclusions
	6 Recommendations
	References
8 Resources of the Renewable Energy in Egypt
	Abstract
	1 General Background
	2 Energy Sources in Egypt
	3 Renewable Energies Resources in Egypt
		3.1 Small Hydropower Resources
			3.1.1 Small Hydropower Engineering and the Technical Aspects
			3.1.2 Small Hydropower Estimation
			3.1.3 Site Characteristics
			3.1.4 Existing of Hydropower Generation in Egypt
		3.2 Solar Energy Resources
			3.2.1 Solar Energy Engineering and the Technical Aspects
			3.2.2 Solar Energy Estimation for Both; CSP and PV
			3.2.3 Site Characteristics
			3.2.4 Projects of Solar Energy Generation in Egypt
		3.3 Wind Energy Resources
			3.3.1 Wind Energy Engineering and the Technical Aspects
			3.3.2 Wind Power Estimation
			3.3.3 Site Characteristics
			3.3.4 Projects of Wind Energy Generation in Egypt
		3.4 Bio Energy (Biomass) Resources
			3.4.1 Biomass in Egypt
		3.5 Geothermal Energy Resources
	4 Geographic Information System and the Potential of Renewable Energies in Egypt
		4.1 Potential of Small Hydropower
		4.2 Potential of Solar Energy in Egypt
		4.3 Potential of Wind Energy in Egypt
	References
9 Utilizing Renewable Energy as a Mean to Achieve SDGs
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Renewable Sources of Energy and Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST)
	3 On the Concept of Levelised Cost of Electricity LCOE
	4 Energy Storage Is the Key to Increasing Efficiency and Lowering Value (LCOE)
	5 The Need for Energy in the Form of Heat in the Industry
	6 How Can Heat Helps Implantation of SDGs
	7 Financing Issue—Toward Constructing of a Business Model
	8 Energy Use and Its Relationship to SDG
	9 Electricity Generation Plant as Financing Tool for SDG
	10 Conclusions
	11 Recommendations/Future Prespectives
	References
10 Economic Growth, Employment and Decent Work as a Sustainable Development Policy for All
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Economic Growth
		2.1 Promoting Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth in Egypt
		2.2 Promoting Egyptian Economic Growth
		2.3 Measuring Economic Growth
			2.3.1 Income Criteria
				Gross National Income (GNI)
				Expected Gross National Income (EGNI)
				Average Income (AI)
			2.3.2 Social Criteria for Growth and Economic Development
				Health Standards
				Educational Standards
				Nutrition Standards
			2.3.3 The Physical Quality of Life Index
			2.3.4 Structural Standards
		2.4 Economic Growth as a Sustainable Development Policy
	3 Employment as a Sustainable Development Policy
		3.1 Full Employment
		3.2 The Ability of Economic Systems to Achieve a State of Full Employment
	4 Decent Work as a Sustainable Development Policy
		4.1 Empowering People Through Decent Work and Full Employment
			4.1.1 Decent Work in Egypt
		4.2 Creating Opportunities for All, Reducing Inequality and Ending Discrimination
		4.3 Enhancing Productivity and Building Productive Capacity to Achieve Sustainable Development
	5 Conclusions
	6 Recommendations
	References
11 Proposed Guidelines for Planning of Egyptian Fishing Ports
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Egypt 2030 Strategy Vision Towards Coastal Fisheries
	3 Review of Fishing Port Planning Studies
	4 Proposed Guidelines for Planning of Egyptian Fishing Ports
		4.1 Basic Planning Concepts
			4.1.1 General Consideration
			4.1.2 Planning Process and Elements
			4.1.3 Site Selection and Alternative Plans
		4.2 Fishing Ports Planning
			4.2.1 Water Area Planning
			4.2.2 Land Area Planning (Facilities and Services)
			4.2.3 Environmental Aspects for the Planning of Fishing Ports
		4.3 Port Management
			4.3.1 Environmental Management Practices
	5 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
12 The Impact of Human-Induced in Mining Operations on the Increased Risk of Torrents in the Wadi Allaqi Basin
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area and Its Problem
		2.2 Natural Characteristics of the Study Area
			2.2.1 Identification of Study Area
			2.2.2 Climate Characteristics
			2.2.3 Geological Characteristics
			2.2.4 Terrain Characteristics:
		2.3 Hydrological Properties
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Random Mining Operation Deposits
		3.2 Water Depth and Speed in the Stream
		3.3 Ways to Cope with Torrential Hazards
	4 Conclusions and Future Direction
	References
13 Climate Considerations in the Planning and Sustainability of Egyptian Cities
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Astronomical and Geographic Location
		2.2 Egypt’s Location
		2.3 Land Forms
			2.3.1 Delta and Nile Valley
			2.3.2 Western Desert
			2.3.3 Eastern Desert
			2.3.4 Sinai Peninsula
		2.4 City’s Functional Structure
		2.5 Egyptian City Categories
		2.6 Population Functions
		2.7 Urban Planning
		2.8 Morphology of the City
		2.9 The Physical State of the Buildings
		2.10 Historical and Civilizational Buildings
		2.11 Random Areas
	3 Results
		3.1 Solar Radiation
		3.2 Temperature
		3.3 Relative Humidity
		3.4 Wind
		3.5 Rain
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Solar Radiation
		4.2 Relation of Radiation to the Sustainability of Cities
		4.3 Temperature
		4.4 Relative Humidity Has to Do with City Sustainability
		4.5 The Relationship of Wind to City Sustainability
		4.6 The Relationship of Rain to the Sustainability of Cities
	5 Conclusion
	References
14 Education for Sustainable Development, Best Practices Towards Fulfilling Egypt’s Vision 2030
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 From MDGs to SDGs
		2.1 SDGs Development and Efforts
	3 ESD: A Way to the Future
		3.1 Theory into Practice
		3.2 Best Practices
	4 Infusing Sustainability in Curricula
		4.1 Practices from Primary Education Level
		4.2 Practices from the Graduate Level
		4.3 Practices from Post Graduate Level
	5 Conclusion
	References
15 Life Under Lake Nasser: Water Quality as Means to Achieving the Egypt’s Agenda 2030
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Addressing the Connections Between Water Pollution and the Sustainable Development Goals
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Study Area
	4 Results
		4.1 Temperature
		4.2 Hydrogen-Ion Concentration (pH)
		4.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
		4.4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
		4.5 Turbidity (NTU)
		4.6 Nitrate
		4.7 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
		4.8 Total Hardness (TH)
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
16 Soil–Water Properties for Reduce Land Degradation Along the High Dam Lake, Egypt
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Soil-Related SDGs
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Study Area
		3.2 Soil Sampling and Analyses
			3.2.1 Studying the Change of Soil Texture Before and After Flood
		3.3 Water Content in Soils
		3.4 Field Experiments
		3.5 Physiographic Features
			3.5.1 Topography of the Region
			3.5.2 Geological Formation
		3.6 Climate
		3.7 Soil
			3.7.1 Fluctuation of Water Level
			3.7.2 Soil, Water, Plant Relationship
			3.7.3 Soil Moisture, Plant Growth and Yield
			3.7.4 Soil Moisture and Nutrient Availability
			3.7.5 Effect of Some Soil Conditioners on Moisture Content
			3.7.6 Effect of Some Physico-chemical Properties on Water Availability
			3.7.7 Water Requirement
			3.7.8 Water Movement Conditions
			3.7.9 Water Relationships
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Studied Soils
		4.2 Moisture Properties
		4.3 The Area of Shorelands
		4.4 Experiment Field
		4.5 Current Land Use
	5 Conclusion
	References
17 Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations to “Egypt’s Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030”
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Update
	3 Conclusions
	4 Recommendations
	Acknowledgement
	References