Effective Enforcement of Creditors’ Rights

Preface
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Enforcement Against Movable Property in Germany
	1 The Search for Assets Before the Reform 2013
	2 Principles of the Reform 2013
	3 The Reform in detail
	4 Assessment of the Reform
Clarification of Facts in Austrian Enforcement Law
Comments on the Paper of Professor Dr. Walter H. Rechberger; Clarification of Facts in Austrian Enforcement Law
	1 Fact Finding System in Austria
	2 New Japanese System
	3 Comparative Perspective
		3.1 France
		3.2 Germany
		3.3 The United States
The Effective Disclosure of the Debtor’s Assets in Enforcement Proceedings
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Information Inequalities in Enforcement Procedures
		1.2 Information Deficits and Enforcement Structures
		1.3 Legislative Responses to the Information Deficit
	2 The 2013 Reform of the German Enforcement Law
		2.1 A Structural Change of the System
		2.2 Different Ways of Obtaining Information
	3 European Developments
		3.1 The Maintenance Regulation, Articles 51(2), 61–63 Reg. (EC) 4/2009
		3.2 The European Bank Account Preservation Order, Article 14 Reg. (EU) 655/2014
	4 The Protection of the Debtor: Data Protection, Privacy and Asset Tracing
	References
Effective Rights Protection in Civil Enforcement
	1 Meaning of Evolution
	2 Role of the Judge
	3 The Notion of Trial
Comments on Information Concerning the Debtor’s Assets for the Enforcement Proceeding
	1 Introduction
	2 Conflicts Between Debtor and Creditor
	3 The Role of IT: Register and Database
	4 General Conclusions: Open Questions
	References
America's BYO Approach to Enforcing Money Judgments
	1 Introduction
	2 The Basic Outline of Contemporary Practice in Germany and Austria
		2.1 Fundamental Right to Judicial Enforcement
		2.2 Broad Judicial Access to Information About Debtor's Assets
		2.3 Judicial Assistance in Collecting the Assets
	3 Outline of the US Approach to Judgment Enforcement of Money Judgments
		3.1 The ‘Hunting License’ Approach
		3.2 A Different Attitude Toward Debt?
	4 A Contrasting Case—Judicial Enforcement of Injunctions
	5 American Discovery to the Judgment Creditor's Rescue
	6 American Self-help Methods
		6.1 Asset Location
		6.2 Asset Hiding
		6.3 Self-help Collection of Debts
	7 Conclusion
	References
Fact Clarification and Effective Legal Protection in Civil Enforcement Law in Japan
	1 Introduction
	2 Reform Efforts in Japanese Civil Enforcement Law
		2.1 Reform of the Civil Enforcement Act in Japan
		2.2 Difficulty in Identifying Monetary Claims
		2.3 Improve the Effectiveness of the debtor’s Property Disclosure Procedure
	3 Clarification of Fact in the Civil Enforcement in European Countries
		3.1 Clarification of Facts in German Enforcement Law
		3.2 Clarification of Facts in French Enforcement Law
		3.3 Clarification of Facts in English Civil Enforcement Law
		3.4 Clarification of Facts in Austrian Enforcement Law
		3.5 Harmonization in the European Union
		3.6 Measures of Europeanizing Fact Clarification
	4 Conclusion
Investigation of Debtor’s Property in Japan—To Make Claims Truly Enforceable
	1 The 2003 Reform of the Japanese Civil Execution Act
	2 Creditor’s Efforts to Overcome the Difficulty of Finding Debtor’s Property
	3 The 2019 Reform of the Japanese Civil Execution Act
Comment on Civil Enforcement Reforms from a Comparative and Historical Perspective
	References
Proposal for a Procedure to Strengthen Creditor’s Claims While Protecting Debtor’s Quality of Life and Privacy in Japan
	1 The Purpose of Our Study Group
	2 The Newest Amendment from the Old System of the Civil Enforcement Act of Japan
	3 The Legislative Process of Investigating Debtor’s Property
		3.1 Property Disclosure Procedure
	4 Remaining Issues of the Amendment in 2019
		4.1 Property Disclosure Procedures
		4.2 Procedures for Obtaining Information from Third Parties
	5 The Purpose of Our New Proposal
	6 Proposal of New Procedure of Enforcement Executive
		6.1 Appointment of an Enforcement Executive
		6.2 Compulsory Execution to Assets of a Debtor
		6.3 Recommendation of a Settlement Between a Creditor and a Debtor
	7 The Good Points of the Procedure of Enforcement Executive
		7.1 To Make a Balance of Satisfying Title-of-Obligation and Protecting the Private Information of a Debtor
		7.2 Simple Proceeding for a Creditor
		7.3 Protection of a Debtor’s Quality of Life
		7.4 Smooth Transition to a Bankruptcy Proceeding
	8 The Procedures in Other Countries Giving Inspirations to the EE Procedure
		8.1 EE’s Power to Investigate a Debtor’s Properties and Performing Compulsory Execution
		8.2 EE’s Power to Establish a Payment Plan by a Debtor
		8.3 Title-of-Obligation-Mortgage to Real Property
		8.4 The System to Protect the Debtor’s Privacy
		8.5 Relationship with Bankruptcy
	9 Cost, Multiple Creditors, and Multiple Debts Against the Same Creditor
		9.1 Fee for the EE
		9.2 Multiple Creditors
		9.3 Multiple Title-of-Obligations Owned by a Creditor
	10 Conclusive Remarks
Some Comments on the Proposals of the Study Group from a German Perspective
	1 Efficient Proceeding and the Recent Reform of the German Enforcement Law
	2 The Problem of Disclosure
	3 The Enforcement Executive as Enforcement Manager
	4 Attorney’s Exercising Sovereign Power
Comment on “A Proposal of a Procedure to Strengthen Creditor’s Claims While Protecting Debtor’s Quality of Life and Privacy in Japan” by the Study Group for Improvement of Civil Enforcement Law
The European Account Preservation Order in Dutch Practice
	1 Introduction
	2 The EAPO in General
	3 The Request for the Obtaining of Account Information
	4 Enforcement and Prejudgment Attachment in the Netherlands
	5 The Dutch Implementation Act
	6 The Dutch Implementation Act and the Request for the Obtaining of Account Information
	7 Dutch Case Law on the EAPO: General Remarks
	8 Case Law on Security to Be Provided by the Creditor
	9 Case Law on the Request for the Obtaining of Account Information
	10 Case Law on Jurisdiction and the Revocation of an EAPO
		10.1 Jurisdiction
		10.2 Revocation of an EAPO
	11 Final Remarks
	References
The Investigation into the Debtor's Assets in Civil Enforcements Proceedings
	1 Introduction
	2 Investigations into Debtor’s Assets and the Right to a Fair Trial
	3 Interim Measures as the Most Effective Way to Carry Out Investigations
	4 No Automatic Issuance of the EAPO. The creditor’s Burden of Proof
	5 Judicial Control of the Investigation Activities and the Increasing Dejudicialization of the Enforcement Proceedings
	6 The Need of Binding Case-Law in Enforcement Proceedings
	7 Resorting to Private Actors: The Flourishing of the Credits Bureaus or Data Collection Agencies Gathering Account Information and Providing Other Kinds of Data About the Financial Solvency of the Debtors
	8 Using Criminal and Other Punitive Devices to Compel the Uncooperative Debtor
	9 Extending the Duty of Cooperation with the Judiciary Including Both Public and Private Persons
	References
Towards More Effective Enforcement Proceedings Through More Effective Asset Discovery
	1 General Approach to the Topic: Commonalities and Divergences in Enforcement Proceedings with Potential Consequences on Their Effectiveness
		1.1 Convergence and Similarities
		1.2 Divergences
	2 Discovering Debtor’s Assets: Main Problems and Some Examples of Solution
		2.1 Who is Entitled to Gather the Information?
		2.2 From Whom May the Information be Validly Retrieved?
	3 Two Cross-Cutting Issues
		3.1 The Use of ICT Devices
		3.2 The Cross-Border Dimension
	References
Finding Defendant’s Assets in Proceedings to Enforce Money Judgments in Switzerland
	1 Introduction
	2 Procedure to Enforce Money Judgments in Switzerland
		2.1 Preliminary Proceedings
		2.2 Enforcement
	3 Discovering Defendant’s Assets
		3.1 Obligations of the Debtor
		3.2 Obligations of Third Persons
		3.3 Obligations of Authorities
	4 Finding Debtor’s Assets in Bankruptcy Proceedings
	5 Enforcing Support Payments
	6 Statistics
	7 Conclusion
	References
Searching Assets and Pressuring the Debtor for an Effective Enforcement: An Overview of the Brazilian Execution Proceedings
	1 Introduction
	2 Parameters in Comparative Perspective: Who Should Be in Charge of Searching for Debtor’s Assets
	3 Constitutional Limitation on the Enforcement of Judgments by Preventing Some Assets of Ever Being Seized or Attached
	4 Specific Performance and Court Injunctions. The Revolution of the General Clauses for Coercion and Induction
	5 The Indication of Debtor’s Assets in the Initial Filing: Primarily a Problem of the Creditor and the Means to Obtain This Information
	6 The Subsidiary Help of the Judge in Finding and Seizing Debtor’s Assets. Electronic Seizure and Attachment of Bank Accounts. Requirements in Statutory Law and the Legal Duties of the Debtor to Disclose Assets and Their Location
	7 Sales by Private Initiative
	8 Other Trends of the New Code of Civil Procedure of 2015. Notarized Notice of Dishonor (“Protesto”) and the Use of “Bad Debtors Lists”
	9 Litigation Agreements and Their Usage Regarding Debtor’s Assets and Their Sales
	10 Conclusive Remarks
	References
Polish Enforcement Law in Civil Cases General Characteristics and Directions of Development
	1 Introduction: General Characteristics of Polish Enforcement Law
	2 Recent Changes to the Enforcement Law
	3 Systemic Position of a Judicial Enforcement Officer in Poland
	4 Obtaining Information in Enforcement Proceedings
	5 Computerisation of Enforcement Proceedings in Poland
	6 Protection of the Debtor
	7 Obligation of Payment of Mandatory Sum (astreinte) in Poland
	8 Conclusions
	References
Effective Enforcement of Creditor’s Rights in Civil Execution Through Effective Discovery of Debtor’s Assets in Taiwan
	1 Development of the Taiwanese Compulsory Enforcement Act
	2 Creditor’s Property Rights and Debtor’s Duty to Report Assets
	3 Investigating the Status Quo of Real Properties
	4 Limitation of Debtor’s Freedom
The Problem of the Disclosure of the Debtor’s Assets in Enforcement Proceedings
	1 Introduction
	2 Assets Disclosure Process
	3 Assets Check Process
	4 List of Defaulters
	5 Problem of Priority Principle
	6 International Collaboration
Some Characteristics of the Recourse to Debtors’ Finances and Their Other Assets in Russia
	1 Introduction
	2 Enforcement Agencies in Russia
	3 Agencies, Organizations, and Citizens, Fulfilling the Requirements Imposed by Court Rulings, Rulings of Other Bodies and Officials
	4 Initiation of Enforcement Proceedings
	5 The Recourse to Debtors’ Finances and Their Other Assets
	6 Locating Debtors’ Finances and Their Other Assets
	7 Skip Tracing
	8 Other Measures that Motivate Debtors to Fulfill the Requirements Specified in the Enforcement Document
	9 Conclusion
	References
Argentina: Notes on the Effective Enforcement of Judgments in Civil Cases
	1 Compliance with the Ruling and Due Process
	2 The General Problems of the Argentine Civil Proceedings Model
	3 The Enforcement of Judgments in the CPCCN
	4 The Duty of Cooperating with the Individualization of the Debtor’s Assets
	5 Protection of the Debtor’s Information from the Creditor Concerning Certain Assets
	6 Bank Secrecy and Tax Privacy Against the Enforcement of Payment of a Debt
	7 Who Carries Out Enforcement Duties?
	8 Enforcement of a Judgment Against the State
	9 Measures to Limit Reluctance to Comply with a Decision
	10 Enforcement in Collective Redress
	11 Enforcement of Judgments of Foreign Courts
	12 Conclusion. Are Only the Parties Interested in Ensuring that Sentences Are Executed?
	Reference
Jurisdiction, Forum and Enforcement of Judgements: The Challenge of Cooperation Between Courts Before and After Brexit
	1 Introduction
	2 Judicial Cooperation Before Brexit Within the Framework of the European Union
		2.1 Judicial Cooperation in the European Union
		2.2 Judicial Cooperation in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
		2.3 Judicial Cooperation in Civil Matters
	3 Judicial Cooperation After Brexit Between the UK and the EU
		3.1 Rendering EU Law into UK Law
		3.2 Judicial Review in the UK After a Brexit
		3.3 Judicial Cooperation in Civil Matters
	4 Conclusion
	Reference
Afterword