Effective carbon rates 2021 : pricing carbon emissions through taxes and emissions trading.

Foreword
Executive Summary
	Key findings
		Overall progress with carbon pricing remains modest
		Progress between 2015 and 2018 differs across countries
		Carbon pricing performance varies across sectors
		Fuel excise taxes dominate effective carbon rates
	Conclusions
		Countries that increase their carbon pricing scores improve alignment of carbon prices with the costs of emissions to society and move towards a greener growth path
1 Introduction
	References
2 Carbon pricing works
	References
	Notes
3 How far do we need to go  (to decarbonise)?
	References
	Notes
4 Attainment of near term carbon pricing benchmarks, the carbon pricing score and the gap
	Fuel excise taxes dominate effective marginal and effective average carbon rates
	Divergence in carbon pricing progress
	The strength of carbon pricing varies across sectors
	A handful of carbon pricing leaders attain high carbon pricing scores
	Reforms can increase the carbon pricing score
	Annex 4.A. The carbon pricing score excluding emissions from the combustion of biomass
	References
	Notes
5 The bigger carbon pricing picture
	Climate effects
	Economic output effects
	References
	Notes
Annex A. The permit price increase and the emission decrease in the EU ETS
	References