Ecosystem Services in Patagonia: A Multi-Criteria Approach for an Integrated Assessment

Contents
Chapter 1: Ecosystem Services as a Tool for Decision-Making in Patagonia
	1 The Patagonia Region
	2 An Ecosystem Service–Based Framework for the Sustainable Management of the Natural Ecosystems of Patagonia
	3 Importance of Ecosystem Service Assessments for Better Natural Resources and Environmental Decision-Making
	References
Chapter 2: Assessment of Provisioning Ecosystem Services in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Case in Santa Cruz Province
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Materials and Methods
			2.2.1 Provisioning Ecosystem Services Map
			2.2.2 Potential Biodiversity Map
			2.2.3 Landscape Analyses
		2.3 Results and Discussion
			2.3.1 Provisioning Ecosystem Services Map
			2.3.2 Provisioning Ecosystem Services and Potential Biodiversity Map: Identification of Conservation Areas of Interest
	3 Challenges in the Land-Use Management for Provisioning Ecosystem Services
	References
Chapter 3: Grazing Management and Provision of Ecosystem Services in Patagonian Arid Rangelands
	1 Introduction
	2 Domestic Grazing-Induced Degradation: A Rule?
	3 Grazing Management in Patagonian Rangelands and Ecosystem Services Supply
		3.1 Stocking Rate Management in Grass-Shrub Steppes
			3.1.1 Plant Aboveground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP, Supporting Service)
			3.1.2 Forage Supply (Provisioning Service)
			3.1.3 C and N Storage (Regulating Service)
			3.1.4 Plant Diversity (Biodiversity)
			3.1.5 Ecological Mechanisms: Trade-Offs and Synergies
			3.1.6 Stocking Rate Adjustment (Grazing Pressure Management)
		3.2 Grazing Pressure Management in Grass Steppes and Semi-deserts (Aridity Influence)
		3.3 Grazing-Rest Management
		3.4 Management of the Spatial Distribution of Herbivores and the Heterogeneous Grazing Impacts
	4 Public Policies to Improve the Provision of Ecosystem Services from Patagonian Arid Rangelands
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 4: Synergies and Trade-Offs Among Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Different Forest Types Inside and Off-Reserve in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Provision of Different Ecosystem Services at Landscape Level
	4 Potential Biodiversity for Nothofagus Forested Landscapes
	5 Provision of Ecosystem Services in Nothofagus Forested Landscapes and Protected Natural Areas
	6 Synergies and Potential Trade-Offs Among the Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Nothofagus Forested Landscapes
	7 Recommendations for Management and Conservation Planning: The Potential Use of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity Concepts in Nothofagus Forested Landscapes
	References
Chapter 5: Shrubland Management in Northwestern Patagonia: An Evaluation of Its Short-Term Effects on Multiple Ecosystem Services
	1 Shrublands as Bioenergy and Ecosystem Services Suppliers
	2 Origin, Composition, and Dynamics of Shrublands of Northwestern Patagonia
	3 Current Shrubland Land Use
	4 Experimental Setup for Firewood Production in Shrublands Without Livestock
	5 Provisioning ES and Economic Valuation
	6 Potential Trade-Offs Between Firewood Production, Biodiversity, and Other ES
		6.1 Biodiversity
		6.2 Fire Protection ES
		6.3 Soil Formation ES
	7 Integrating Multiple Dimensions
	8 Guidelines and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 6: Silvopastoral Systems in Northern Argentine-Chilean Andean Patagonia: Ecosystem Services Provision in a Complex Territory
	1 Introduction
	2 Silvopastoral Systems in Andean North Patagonia of Argentina and Chile
	3 Conceptual Framework of the Socio-ecosystem
	4 External Drivers of Change
	5 Ecosystem Services in Silvopastoral Systems of Andean North Patagonia
	6 Main Local Drivers and Knowledge Gaps
	7 Recommendations for Decision-Making Based on the Sustainability of Silvopastoral Systems
	Bibliography
Chapter 7: Ecosystem Services Values of the Northwestern Patagonian Natural Grasslands
	1 The Ecological-Socioeconomic or the Food Value of the Natural Ecosystems
	2 Ecosystem Services Categories (MA, TEEB, and CICES) for Natural Grasslands at Northern Patagonia
	3 The Aesthetic Values of the Natural Grasslands
	4 The Grasslands ES Associated to Soils, Drivers, and Processes
	5 Proposals for Land Use Planning and Grasslands Management in Northwest Patagonia
	References
Chapter 8: The Ecosystem Services Provided by Peatlands in Patagonia
	1 Introduction
	2 Peatlands Features and Distribution in Patagonia
	3 Ecosystem Services of Peatlands in Patagonia
		3.1 Provisioning Services
			3.1.1 Peat and Fiber Provision
			3.1.2 Livestock Support
			3.1.3 Water Supply
				Water Provision in Wintertime
		3.2 Regulating and Maintaining Services
			3.2.1 Flood Control
			3.2.2 Erosion Control Rates and Sediment Transport
			3.2.3 Regulation of Climate Change Through the Control of Carbon Cycle
				The Peatland Carbon Store. How Much Carbon is Stored in Patagonian Peatlands?
				Peatlands as a Carbon Sink: The Current Carbon Balance
				Gas Fluxes Between Peatlands Surface and Atmosphere
				GHG Flux in Patagonia
				Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter
			3.2.4 Maintaining Habitats
		3.3 Cultural Services
			3.3.1 Physical and Experiential Interactions with Natural Environments
			3.3.2 Intellectual and Representative Interactions: Peatland as Data Archive for Scientific Investigation
	4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Restoration for Provision of Ecosystem Services in Patagonia-Aysén, Chile
	1 Introduction
	2 Restoring the Provision of ES: Where to Start?
		2.1 Defining Target Restoration Areas and Criteria: A Case of Study in Southern Chile
		2.2 Assessing the Ecological Suitability and the Social Feasibility of Restoration
		2.3 Generating Suitability and Feasibility Maps
		2.4 Identifying Priority Areas for Forest Restoration
	3 How to Monitor Restoration Activities? Quantifying Ecosystem Services
		3.1 Methodologies Available: How to Quantify?
			3.1.1 Timber
			3.1.2 Carbon Sequestration
			3.1.3 Freshwater
			3.1.4 Soils
			3.1.5 Recreational and Tourism
		3.2 Experiences of Provision Quantification on Ecosystem in Aysén Region
	4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: The North American Beaver Invasion and the Impact Over the Ecosystem Services in the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago
	1 The Beaver Issue in Tierra del Fuego Archipelago and the Associated Impacts
	2 Beaver Habitat Suitability and the Ecosystem Services
	3 Ecosystem Services Approach as a New Tool to Understand the Beaver Issue in Tierra del Fuego
	4 Is it Possible to Decrease the Trade-Offs of the Beaver Impact? Recommendations for Policy Makers
	References
Chapter 11: Social Links for a Nexus Approach from an Ecosystem Services Perspective in Central-East Patagonia
	1 Systemic Approaches: Nexus and Ecosystem Services
	2 Methods
		2.1 The Methodological Approach: Social Network Analysis
		2.2 The Social-Ecological System: Comarca VIRCH-Valdés
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Natural Nexus
		3.2 Social Links
		3.3 Insights to Improve Partnership for Nexus Approach
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 12: Salmon Farming: Is It Possible to Relate Its Impact to the Waste Remediation Ecosystem Service?
	1 Introduction
	2 Conceptual Approaches to Relate Salmon Farm Impact and the ES of Waste Remediation
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	References
Chapter 13: Using the Ecosystem Services Approach to Understand the Distributional Effects of Marine Protected Areas in the Chilean Patagonia
	1 Introduction
	2 The MPA-MU Seno Almirantazgo
	3 Interview Design and Application to Assess Social Actors’ Perceptions
	4 Identification and Prioritization of Ecosystem Services and Benefits by Social Actors
	5 Level of Dependence on Ecosystem Services and Benefits
	6 Perceived Access Barriers Generated by the MPA-MU
	7 Approaching Perceptions and Removing Barriers for a Just Governance
	References
Chapter 14: Sociocultural Valuation of Ecosystem Services in Southern Patagonia, Argentina
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Methodology
		2.1 Survey Design
		2.2 Identification and Valuation of Important and Vulnerable ES
		2.3 Local Perceptions of Wellbeing
		2.4 Connectedness to Nature
	3 Results
		3.1 Identification and Valuation of Important and Vulnerable ES
		3.2 Local Perceptions of Wellbeing
		3.3 Connectedness to Nature
	4 Discussion
	5 Recommendations for Policy Makers
	References
Chapter 15: Looking Beyond Ecosystem Services Supply: Co-production and Access Barriers in Marine Ecosystems of the Chilean Patagonia
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Data
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Framework of Analysis to Explore Mechanisms of Appropriation, Co-production, and Access to Ecosystem Services Benefits
		2.3 Assessment of Ecosystem Services Supply
		2.4 Benefit Assessment
		2.5 Co-production and Access to Ecosystem Services
	3 Results
		3.1 Ecosystem Service Supply Areas
		3.2 Benefit Assessment
			3.2.1 Beneficiaries in the Magallanes Region (Local Beneficiaries)
			3.2.2 External Beneficiaries
		3.3 Co-production Mechanisms
		3.4 Access Mechanisms Acting as Barriers to Capture ES Benefits
	4 Discussion and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 16: Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being: A Comparison of Two Patagonian Social-Ecological Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Areas
			2.1.1 The Aysén Watershed
			2.1.2 Chiloé Island
		2.2 Databases
		2.3 Indices
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Recommendations for Policy Makers
	References
Chapter 17: Urban Planning in Arid Northern Patagonia Cities to Maximize Local Ecosystem Services Provision
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical and Ecological Context of Arid North Patagonia
	3 Study Cases: Methods and Results
		3.1 Case 1: Multipurpose Riverbanks: Risk Management and Biodiversity Conservation
		3.2 Case 2: Alluvial Risk
		3.3 Case 3: Topographic Variation of the Effect of Urban Forestry as a Thermal Regulator
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Implications of the Valley-Plateau Duality for the Management of Urban Ecosystem Services in Arid North Patagonia
		4.2 Urban Ecological Infrastructure: Planning from the Ecosystem Services Perspective
		4.3 Regulation Ecosystem Services
		4.4 Cultural Ecosystem Services
		4.5 Provisioning Ecosystem Services
		4.6 Of Support
	5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 18: Land Size, Native Forests, and Ecosystem Service Inequalities in the Rural Chilean Patagonia
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methods and Data
		3.1 Spatial Correlations Between Land Size, Native Forest Area, and Ecosystem Services Provision
		3.2 Land Size, Native Forest, and Ecosystem Services Inequalities
		3.3 Cluster Analysis
	4 Results
		4.1 Spatial Correlations: Land Size, Native Forest Area, and Ecosystem Service Provision
		4.2 Land Size, Native Forest Area, and Ecosystem Services Inequalities
		4.3 Cluster Analysis
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Landscapes of Inequality and Implications for Planning
	References
Chapter 19: Imaginaries, Transformations, and Resistances in Patagonian Territories from a Socio-Ecological Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Social Imaginaries
	3 The Role of Nature-Society Imaginaries on Nature’s Governance
	4 Case Analysis on Four Main Drivers of SES Changes in Patagonia
		4.1 Land Dispossession
		4.2 Forestry Expansion
		4.3 Touristification
		4.4 Damming of Rivers for Hydroelectric Use
	5 Discussion and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 20: The Challenges of Implementing Ecosystem Services in the Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia
	1 Introduction
	2 Implementation of Ecosystem Services in the Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia
		2.1 State-Level Implementation
		2.2 Private-Level Implementation
		2.3 Community-Led Initiatives
	3 Blind Spots in Ecosystem Services Research in the Patagonian Region of Argentina and Chile
	4 Implementation Gaps and Challenges for an ES-Based Governance in Patagonia
	References
Chapter 21: Natural Capital and Local Employment in Argentine Patagonia
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Site: General Description, Zoning, and Selection of Sampling Units
		2.2 Procedures
	3 Results
		3.1 GAM Models of Employment: Landscape Composition Relationships
		3.2 Propagation of Nature-Based Employments into the Rest of the Economy
	4 Discussion and Recommendations for Policy-Makers
	References
Chapter 22: Ecosystem Services in Patagonia: A Synthesis and Future Directions
	1 Introduction
	2 State of Knowledge of the Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services of Patagonia
	3 Drivers of Change in the Socio-ecological Systems of Patagonia
	4 Recommendations
	5 From the Global Environmental Agenda to Local Research Directions
	References
Index