Ecosystem Restoration: Towards Sustainability and Resilient Development (Disaster Resilience and Green Growth)

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Ecological Restoration: An Overview of Science and Policy Regime
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Need for the Ecological Restoration
	1.3 Restoration Ecology
	1.4 Ecological Theory
	1.5 Restoration Science: Principles, Strategy, and Guidelines
	1.6 Adaptive Restoration
	1.7 Case Studies of Ecological Restoration
		1.7.1 Urban Ecological Restoration
		1.7.2 Wetland Ecological Restoration
		1.7.3 Himalayan Ecological Restoration
		1.7.4 Ecological Impact
		1.7.5 Socioeconomic Impact
	1.8 Policy Planning and Implementation for Ecological Restoration
		1.8.1 Policy Planning and Implementation for Ecological Restoration in India
	1.9 Future Challenges
		1.9.1 Ecological Challenges
		1.9.2 Social Challenges
		1.9.3 Political Challenges
		1.9.4 Opportunities
	1.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Lifestyle for Environment: LiFE Mission and Synergies with Eco-restoration
	2.1 LiFE Mission
		2.1.1 Background (PM´s Concept of a Mass Movement for LiFE as a Key to Combating Climate Change)
		2.1.2 Need for a Sustainable Lifestyle and Ecosystem Restoration
		2.1.3 About the LiFE Campaign: Concepts, Contribution/Approach in Creating Synergies with the Ecosystem, and Envisaged Outcome...
		2.1.4 LiFE and SDGs
	2.2 Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Behaviours that Can Be Adopted at the Different Levels Under LiFE
		2.2.1 Household/Individual Level
			2.2.1.1 Water Conservation
			2.2.1.2 Electricity Consumption
			2.2.1.3 Transport
			2.2.1.4 Food Habits
			2.2.1.5 Building and Construction
			2.2.1.6 Waste
		2.2.2 Facilitators/Access: Institutional Arrangements, Enablers, and Actions Under Each Sectoral Department
			2.2.2.1 Water Conservation
			2.2.2.2 Electricity
			2.2.2.3 Transport
			2.2.2.4 Construction
			2.2.2.5 Urban Planning
			2.2.2.6 Waste
			2.2.2.7 Awareness Campaigns
	2.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Optimal Management of Potential Water and Sediment Yield from Urban Hilly Watershed
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Materials and Method
		3.2.1 Study Area
		3.2.2 Estimation of Future Urban Settlement
		3.2.3 The Optimal Combination of EMPs in the Future
			3.2.3.1 The R-OPTEMP-LS
			3.2.3.2 EMP Selection
			3.2.3.3 Constraints
	3.3 Results and Discussions
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Mainstreaming Peri-urban Ecosystems for Urban Resilience Through Policy-Planning Framework: An Opportunity Analysis...
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Recognizing Urban-Rural Connect and Peri-urban in Transit
		4.2.1 Peri-urban Potentials
		4.2.2 Peri-urban Issues and Challenges
	4.3 Methodology
		4.3.1 Case Analysis: Study of Three Indian Cities
	4.4 Discussions
		4.4.1 Opportunity Analysis for Policy-Planning Framework
		4.4.2 Mainstreaming Pathways
		4.4.3 Mainstreaming Challenges
		4.4.4 Mainstreaming Opportunities
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Urban Forest and Ecosystem Services Intercede Urban Habitat in Delhi
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Methodology
		5.2.1 Study Area
		5.2.2 Data and Material
		5.2.3 Method
			5.2.3.1 Survey Assessment
			5.2.3.2 Land Surface Temperature (LST)
				Retrieval of LST from Landsat 7
				Retrieval of LST for Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS
					Conversion to Sensor Spectral Radiance
					Conversion to Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) Reflectance
					Conversion to TOA Brightness Temperature
					NDVI Method for Emissivity Correction
					LST Estimation
			5.2.3.3 Land Use and Land Cover
				Unsupervised Classification
				Supervised Classification
			5.2.3.4 Accuracy Assessment
			5.2.3.5 Change Detection
			5.2.3.6 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
	5.3 Result
		5.3.1 Survey Result
		5.3.2 Land Surface Temperature (LST)
		5.3.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC)
		5.3.4 Accuracy Assessment
		5.3.5 Change Detection
		5.3.6 Normalize Difference Vegetation Index
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Restoration and Rejuvenation of Rivers, Streams and Wetlands: Challenges and Way Forward
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Restoration and Rejuvenation of the Water Bodies
		6.2.1 Recognition Phase
		6.2.2 Restoration Phase
		6.2.3 Protection Phase
		6.2.4 Improvement Phase
		6.2.5 Sustenance Phase
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Ecosystem Services for Water Management: A Review of Global Approaches and Experiences
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Ecosystem Service-Based Approach in Water Management
	7.3 Water Ecosystem Services: Global Challenges
		7.3.1 Climate Change
		7.3.2 Agriculture Intensification
		7.3.3 Extensive Chemical Use
		7.3.4 Increasing Water Demand
		7.3.5 Governance
	7.4 Water Ecosystem Services: Indian Perspective
		7.4.1 Rapid Land-Use Change
		7.4.2 Urban-Rural Water Conflicts
		7.4.3 Lack of Transparency
	7.5 Water Ecosystem Services Management: Case Studies
		7.5.1 Chilika Lake: India (Sahu et al. 2014)
			7.5.1.1 Important Lessons Learnt
		7.5.2 Payment of Ecosystem Services (PES): Nepal
			7.5.2.1 Important Lessons Learnt
		7.5.3 Lakes Osmansagar and Himayatsagar: India,
			7.5.3.1 Important Lessons Learnt
	7.6 Water Security for Sustainable Ecosystem Services: Way Forward
		7.6.1 Water Demand Mitigation
		7.6.2 Future Areas for Improving Water Conservation Policies
	References
Chapter 8: Rejuvenation of Rivers in India: A Case Study on Efforts for Rejuvenation of River Ganga
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Need of Rejuvenation
		8.1.2 Factors Responsible for Deterioration of River Ganga
		8.1.3 Status of Pollution in River Ganga
		8.1.4 Problems Due to Deterioration of Water
	8.2 Methodology for River Rejuvenation
	8.3 Rejuvenation Strategies for River Ganga
	8.4 Efforts Made by NGOs and Community
	8.5 Significance of River Rejuvenation and Its Positive Impacts
	8.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 9: Rejuvenation of Kukrail Drain
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methods and Methodology
		9.2.1 Aim
	9.3 Objective
		9.3.1 Step 1
		9.3.2 Step 2
		9.3.3 Step 3
		9.3.4 Step 4
		9.3.5 Step 5
	9.4 Importance of Kukrail Stream in Gomati River
	9.5 Value of the Kukrail Stream
	9.6 Understanding of Geomorphology
	9.7 Topography and Slope Facts of the Kukrail Stream
	9.8 Hydrological Information
	9.9 Water Quality and Course of the Stream
	9.10 Flora and Fauna of the Stream
		9.10.1 Urban Fabric
		9.10.2 Issues
		9.10.3 Approach and Rational Strategies
		9.10.4 Development of Program
		9.10.5 Guidelines
	9.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Hydrological Modelling Using HEC-HMS and Estimation of the Flood Peak by Gumbel´s Method
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Study Area
		10.2.1 Hasdeo Basin
		10.2.2 Aghanashini Basin
	10.3 Materials and Methods
		10.3.1 Data Collection
	10.4 Methodology
		10.4.1 HEC-HMS Model Development
		10.4.2 Model Calibration and Validation
		10.4.3 Flood Frequency Analysis
	10.5 Results and Discussion
		10.5.1 Hasdeo Basin
		10.5.2 Aghanashini Basin
	10.6 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Chapter 11: Comparing Runoff of the NRCS-CN Method and Observed Runoff Data: A Case Study
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Objectives of the Study
	11.3 Catchment Area and Data Products Used
		11.3.1 Catchment Area
		11.3.2 Data Sets
	11.4 Methodology
		11.4.1 Morphometry
		11.4.2 Runoff Estimation
			11.4.2.1 Soil Map
			11.4.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover Map
	11.5 Results and Discussion
		11.5.1 Morphometric Analysis
		11.5.2 Runoff Estimation
	11.6 Conclusions
		11.6.1 Morphometric Analysis
		11.6.2 Runoff Estimation
		11.6.3 Limitations
	References
Chapter 12: Artificial Neural Network Models for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in India: Studies From the Kolar and Kuttiyadi River...
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 ANN-Based Models for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling
	12.3 Case Study of Kolar River Basin
	12.4 Case Study of Kuttiyadi River Catchment
	12.5 Model Evaluation Criteria
		12.5.1 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE)
		12.5.2 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
		12.5.3 Coefficient of Determination (R2)
	12.6 ANN Models Performance Evaluation
	12.7 Results and Discussion
		12.7.1 Case Study of Kolar Dam Catchment
		12.7.2 Case Study of Kuttiyadi River Catchment
	12.8 Evaluation and Assessment
	12.9 Recommendation for Further Research Work
	12.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Analysis of Urbanization and Assessment of Its Impact on Groundwater and Land Use/Land Cover Using GIS Techniques:...
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Study Area
		13.2.1 Data Used
	13.3 Methodology
		13.3.1 Land Use Classification
		13.3.2 Rainfall
		13.3.3 Drainage Density
		13.3.4 Slope
		13.3.5 Soil
	13.4 Results and Discussion
		13.4.1 Ground Potential Zones of Gurugram
		13.4.2 Flood Risk Zones of Gurugram Region
		13.4.3 Drought-Prone Area of Gurugram
		13.4.4 Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover Changes of Gurugram
			13.4.4.1 Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover Changes
		13.4.5 Effect on Groundwater Resources
			13.4.5.1 Groundwater Quality
			13.4.5.2 Groundwater Level
			13.4.5.3 Effect on Rainfall Pattern
	13.5 Conclusion
		13.5.1 For Bhopal Region
	13.6 Action Plan
	13.7 Recommendations
	References
Chapter 14: Application of Water Accounting Plus Framework for the Assessment of the Water Consumption Pattern and Food Securi...
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Land Use in the WA+ Framework
	14.3 Total Evapotranspiration Sheet
	14.4 Budyko Hypothesis for Estimation of Green and Blue Water ET
	14.5 Agricultural Services Sheet
	14.6 Key Indicators
	14.7 An Example of Water Accounting Study of Krishna Basin, India
	14.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Comparison of Probability Distributions for Extreme Value Analysis and Predicting Monthly Rainfall Pattern Using B...
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Literature Review
	15.3 Methodology
		15.3.1 MoM of P3 Distribution
		15.3.2 MLM of P3 Distribution
		15.3.3 Goodness-of-Fit Tests
		15.3.4 Diagnostic Test
		15.3.5 Bayesian Regularized Artificial Neural Network
	15.4 Application
	15.5 Results and Discussion
		15.5.1 Estimation of Extreme Rainfall
		15.5.2 Analysis of Results Based on GoF Tests
		15.5.3 Analysis of Results Based on Diagnostic Test
		15.5.4 Selection of Probability Distribution
		15.5.5 Efficiency Analysis of BR-ANN
		15.5.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 16: An Indexing Method for Evaluating Managerial Effectiveness of a Watershed Project and Functional Involvement of Pa...
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP) Organizational Structure
		16.1.2 What Do the Managers Supposed to Do?
		16.1.3 State of Affairs in Watershed Management
	16.2 Materials and Methods
		16.2.1 Study Area and Data Collection
		16.2.2 Organizational Involvement Index (OII)
		16.2.3 Project Managerial Effectiveness Index (PMEI)
	16.3 Results
	16.4 Discussion
		16.4.1 Functional Involvement of Participant Organizations
		16.4.2 Managerial Effectiveness of the Watershed Project
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17: Pathways to Build Resilience Toward the Impact of Climate Change on the Indian Sunderban
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Background
		17.2.1 Objectives
	17.3 Material and Methods
		17.3.1 Study Area
		17.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology
		17.3.3 Geohydrology
		17.3.4 Hydroclimate
		17.3.5 Soil
	17.4 Results and Discussion
	17.5 The Main Drivers and Uncertainties of Climate Change
		17.5.1 Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise
		17.5.2 Cyclone and Storm
		17.5.3 Erosion and Accretion Patterns
		17.5.4 Rise in Population
		17.5.5 Pollution
		17.5.6 History of Sunderban
	17.6 Methodology for Inundation Mapping Using Google Earth Engine (GEE)
		17.6.1 Governance Structure and Policy
	17.7 The Governance Structure Needs to Restructure the Sunderban Land in Future
	17.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18: Eco-Restoration for Climate Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Eco-Restoration for Climate Resilience
	18.3 Eco-Restoration for Disaster Risk Reduction
	18.4 Solutions and Practical Applications
	18.5 Decade on Ecosystem Restoration
	18.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Ecosystems and Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) for Health Protection and Epidemic Resilience
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Nature-Based Solutions
	19.3 Role of NbS for Addressing Climate Change
	19.4 Co-Benefits of NbS for Ecosystems Restoration and Public Health
	19.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20: Freshwater Ecosystem Conservation for Social Protection, Business, and Local Economy
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Research Methodology
		20.2.1 Data Collection
			20.2.1.1 Secondary Data: Parameters
				National Studies
			20.2.1.2 Questionnaire Survey
	20.3 Results and Discussions
		20.3.1 Outcome of Questionnaire Survey
			20.3.1.1 Perception of People Toward the Development Model
			20.3.1.2 Public Impression of the Effect on Ecological Balance
			20.3.1.3 Public Opinion on the Value of Real Estate Development
			20.3.1.4 Perception of People on the Footfall in the Locality
			20.3.1.5 Public Opinion on the Economic Development of the City/Town
			20.3.1.6 Public View on the Impression of Employment Generation
			20.3.1.7 Public Views on Flood Mitigation
			20.3.1.8 Public Views on the Tourism Development
			20.3.1.9 Public View on the Best Riverfront Project
			20.3.1.10 Public Awareness Regarding Sabarmati Project
		20.3.2 Comparative Analysis
			20.3.2.1 Relative Importance Index
		20.3.3 Expert Interview
		20.3.4 Draft Policy Framework
	20.4 Conclusion
	References