Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Sustainability

Chapter 1 Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Global Sustainability—An Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Ecosystem Management
	1.3 Key Principles Behind Ecosystem Management
		1.3.1 Importance of Species as a Tool for Ecosystem Management
		1.3.2 People are the Integral Part of Ecosystem
		1.3.3 Recognizing the Need for Knowledge-Based Adaptive Ecosystem Management
		1.3.4 Application of Precautionary Principle in Ecosystem Management
		1.3.5 Inter Sectoral Collaboration for Ecosystem Management and Sustainability
		1.3.6 Making Ecosystem-Based Management a Mainstream Development Approach
	1.4 Climate Change and Ecosystem Management
	1.5 Issues and Challenges of Global Sustainability
	1.6 Climate Change and Health
	1.7 Ecosystem Management and Global Sustainability
		1.7.1 Sustainability of Bioresources
		1.7.2 Sustainability of Agroecosystem
		1.7.3 Energy Resource for Sustainable Harvesting
		1.7.4 Sustainability Toward Green Economy and Society
	1.8 Conclusion
	1.9 Future Perspectives of Ecosystem Management, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability
	References
Chapter 2 Climate Change Mitigation Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Climate Change Risks on Global Agriculture System
	2.3 The History and Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Agriculture
	2.4 Climate-Smart Agriculture
	2.5 Importance of Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture
		2.5.1 Ensuring Access to Food While Preserving Natural Resources
		2.5.2 Economic Benefits and Resilience of Smallholder Farmers
		2.5.3 Mitigating GHG Emissions
		2.5.4 Enhancing Agricultural Resilience Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture
			2.5.4.1 Diversification
			2.5.4.2 Soil Health
			2.5.4.3 Water Management
			2.5.4.4 Agroforestry
		2.5.5 Promoting Sustainable Land Management
		2.5.6 Benefits for Smallholder Farmers
			2.5.6.1 Increased Productivity and Income
			2.5.6.2 Improved Soil Health and Nutrient Management
			2.5.6.3 Conservation of Natural Resources
	2.6 Various Climate-Smart Technologies Toward CC Mitigation
		2.6.1 CC Mitigation Through Conservation Agriculture
			2.6.1.1 Soil Carbon Sequestration
			2.6.1.2 Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
			2.6.1.3 Water Conservation
			2.6.1.4 Biodiversity Conservation
		2.6.2 CC Mitigation Through Agroforestry
			2.6.2.1 Carbon Sequestration
			2.6.2.2 Reduced Emissions
			2.6.2.3 Enhanced Resilience
			2.6.2.4 Socio-Economic Benefits
		2.6.3 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Organic Farming
			2.6.3.1 Soil Management
			2.6.3.2 Reduced Synthetic Inputs
			2.6.3.3 Agroforestry and Biodiversity
			2.6.3.4 Livestock Management
		2.6.4 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Precision Agriculture
			2.6.4.1 Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions
			2.6.4.2 Minimizing Methane (CH4) Emissions
			2.6.4.3 Enhancing Carbon Sequestration
		2.6.5 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Conservation Agriculture
			2.6.5.1 Carbon Sequestration
			2.6.5.2 Reduced Nitrous Oxide Emissions
			2.6.5.3 Methane Emissions
	2.7 Policy Support and International Cooperation
		2.7.1 Policy Support and International Cooperation for Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture in India
	2.8 Future Directives Toward Climate-Smart Practices Toward Sustainable Agriculture
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Management of Soil Degradation: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Oil Degradation, Food Insecurity, and Climate Change
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Soil Degradation: Causes and Extent
		3.2.1 Soil Salinity
		3.2.2 Erosion
		3.2.3 Polluted Soils
	3.3 Management of Soil Degradation
	3.3.1 Salt-Affected Soil
		3.3.1.1 Scraping, Leaching, and Salt Flushing
		3.3.1.2 Chemical Remediation
		3.3.1.3 Organic and Microbial Remediation
		3.3.1.4 Irrigation Management
		3.3.1.5 Phytoextraction
	3.3.2 Soil Erosion
		3.3.2.1 Afforestation and Vegetative Cover
		3.3.2.2 Controlled Grazing
		3.3.2.3 Flood Control
		3.3.2.4 Water Conservation
		3.3.2.5 Fertilizing and Manuring Schemes
	3.3.3 Soil Pollution
		3.3.3.1 Encouragement of Permaculture
		3.3.3.2 Phytoremediation
		3.3.3.3 Soil Carbon Pool
		3.3.3.4 Education and Awareness
		3.3.3.5 Avoiding Monoculture
	3.4 Win-Win Strategies/Effective Resource Utilization in Management of Degraded Soils
		3.4.1 Application of Organic Materials
		3.4.2 Crop Production
		3.4.3 Carbon Sequestration
		3.4.4 Soil Degradation Neutralization
	3.5 Conclusions
	3.6 Future Perspective of Combating Land Degradation
	References
Chapter 4 Green Approaches to Mitigate Climate Change Issues in Indian Subcontinent
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Climate Change and its Impacts on the Indian Subcontinent
		4.1.2 The Importance of Adopting Green Approaches to Mitigate CC
			4.1.2.1 Reduction of GHG Emissions
			4.1.2.2 Preservation of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
			4.1.2.3 Promotion of Renewable Energy
			4.1.2.4 Adaptation to CC Impacts
	4.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives
		4.2.1 Renewable Energy Initiatives Worldwide
			4.2.1.1 Paris Agreement (2015)
			4.2.1.2 European Green Deal (2019)
			4.2.1.3 Renewable Energy Standard in California (2002)
			4.2.1.4 Feed-in Tariffs in Germany
		4.2.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives in India
			4.2.2.1 National Solar Mission
			4.2.2.2 Wind Energy Development
			4.2.2.3 Hydroelectric Power
			4.2.2.4 Bioenergy Initiatives
		4.2.3 Role of Different Green Energy in Reducing GHG Emissions
			4.2.3.1 Solar Power
			4.2.3.2 Wind Power
			4.2.3.3 Hydroelectric Power
		4.2.4 Government Policies and Initiatives Promoting Renewable Energy
			4.2.4.1 Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) and Feed-In Tariffs (FiTs)
			4.2.4.2 Investment Tax Credits (ITCs) and Production Tax Credits (PTCs)
			4.2.4.3 Renewable Energy Standards and Targets
			4.2.4.4 Green Energy Certificates and Tradable Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
		4.2.5 Government Policies in Indian Subcontinent for Promotion of Nonconventional and Renewable Energy Sources
			4.2.5.1 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)
			4.2.5.2 Wind Power Policy
			4.2.5.3 National Biofuel Policy
			4.2.5.4 Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO)
	4.3 Sustainable Agriculture Practices
		4.3.1 Sustainable Agriculture Practices in Mitigating CCs
			4.3.1.1 Conservation Agriculture
			4.3.1.2 Agroforestry
			4.3.1.3 Precision Agriculture
			4.3.1.4 Organic Farming
			4.3.1.5 Water Management
			4.3.1.6 Livestock Management
		4.3.2 Significance of Sustainable Agriculture in Mitigating CC in Indian Subcontinent
			4.3.2.1 GHG Emissions
			4.3.2.2 Carbon Sequestration
			4.3.2.3 Climate Resilience
			4.3.2.4 Water Conservation
			4.3.2.5 Livelihoods and Food Security
		4.3.3 Organic Farming, Agroforestry, and Precision Agriculture as Green Approaches
			4.3.3.1 Organic Farming
			4.3.3.2 Agroforestry
			4.3.3.3 Precision Agriculture
		4.3.4 Benefits and Challenges of Adopting Sustainable Agriculture Practices
			4.3.4.1 Knowledge and Awareness Gap
			4.3.4.2 Financial Constraints
			4.3.4.3 Policy and Institutional Support
			4.3.4.4 Market Access and Demand
			4.3.4.5 Social and Cultural Factors
	4.4 Forest Conservation and Reforestation in CC Mitigation
		4.4.1 Role of Forests in Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Conservation
		4.4.2 Focuses on Forest Conservation, Afforestation, and Reforestation in Indian Subcontinent
			4.4.2.1 Green India Mission (GIM)
			4.4.2.2 National Afforestation Program (NAP)
			4.4.2.3 Joint Forest Management (JFM)
			4.4.2.4 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)
			4.4.2.5 Aranyaani
	4.5 Waste Management and Circular Economy as Green Approach
		4.5.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects, Recycling Initiatives, and Sustainable Waste Management Practices in Indian Subcontinent
			4.5.1.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects
			4.5.1.2 Recycling Initiatives
			4.5.1.3 Sustainable Waste Management Practices
	4.6 Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning
		4.6.1 Role of Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning in CC and Air Pollution
		4.6.2 Green Transportation Initiatives, Including Electric Vehicles and Improved Public Transportation and Urban Planning in Indian Subcontinent
			4.6.2.1 Electric Vehicles (EVs)
			4.6.2.2 Improved Public Transportation: Metro Rail Systems
			4.6.2.3 Urban Planning
	4.7 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience
		4.7.1 Need for Adaptation Strategies in the Indian Subcontinent
	4.8 Policies and Governance in Promoting Green Approaches in Indian Subcontinent
		4.8.1 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
		4.8.2 Renewable Energy Policies
		4.8.3 Energy Efficiency Initiatives
		4.8.4 Waste Management Policies
	4.9 Importance of Stakeholder Collaboration and International Cooperation in India in CC Mitigation Through Green Approach
		4.9.1 Knowledge Sharing
		4.9.2 Resource Mobilization
		4.9.3 Policy Development and Implementation
		4.9.4 Technology Transfer
		4.9.5 Capacity Building
	4.10 Challenges and Opportunities Faced in Implementing Green Approaches in the Indian Subcontinent
	4.11 Conclusion
		4.11.1 GHG Emission Reduction
		4.11.2 Climate Adaptation
		4.11.3 Natural Resource Conservation
		4.11.4 Socio-Economic Benefits
		4.11.5 Global Leadership and Collaboration
	References
Chapter 5 Management of Environmental Pollution: Hyperaccumulator Plants, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), and Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Heavy Metals and Environmental Pollution
		5.2.1 Heavy Metals and Soil Pollution
		5.2.2 Heavy Metals and Water Pollution
		5.2.3 Heavy Metals and Air Pollution
	5.3 Impact of Heavy Metals
		5.3.1 Heavy Metals on Plant Growth
		5.3.2 Heavy Metals on Animal Growth
		5.3.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Aquatic Biota
		5.3.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Human Beings
	5.4 Remediation Measures
	5.5 Phytoremediation
		5.5.1 Plant Heavy Metal Toxicity and Their Survival Mechanisms
		5.5.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Species
			5.5.2.1 Classification of Hyperaccumulator Plants
			5.5.2.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Characteristics
		5.5.3 Mechanisms of Bioremediation
			5.5.3.1 Phytoextraction
			5.5.3.2 Phytodegradation
			5.5.3.3 Rhizodegradation
			5.5.3.4 Rhizofiltration
			5.5.3.5 Phytovolatilization
			5.5.3.6 Phytostabilization
	5.6 AMF in Heavy Metal Remediation
		5.6.1 Phytoremediation with AMF
		5.6.2 Mutualistic Symbiosis of AMF in Rhizosphere
			5.6.2.1 Bioalleivator
			5.6.2.2 Biofertilizers
		5.6.3 AMF-Induced Heavy Metal Detoxification
	5.7 Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation
		5.7.1 Biochar
		5.7.2 Organic Residues for Biochar Fabrication
		5.7.3 Biochar Attributes
			5.7.3.1 Physiochemical Properties of Biochar
			5.7.3.2 Biological Properties of Biochar
		5.7.4 Nutrient Content of Biochar
		5.7.5 Merits of Biochar Supplementation to Soil
		5.7.6 Biochar in Environmental Management
			5.7.6.1 Biochar–Heavy Metal Interaction
			5.7.6.2 Bio-Phytoremediation With Biochar
		5.7.7 Biochar Attributes in Affecting Heavy Metal Toxicity
			5.7.7.1 Physicochemical Properties of the Contaminated Soil
			5.7.7.2 Physicochemical Attributes of Biochar
			5.7.7.3 Biochar Application Modes
	5.8 Mechanisms of Biochar-AMF–Aided Phytoremediation
	5.9 Future Prospects and Research Needs
	5.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Global Climate Change and Ecosystem Services: An Indian Perspective
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Understanding Ecosystem Services and Their Importance
	6.3 Consequences of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services
		6.3.1 Effects on Supporting Services
			6.3.1.1 Water Recycling
			6.3.1.2 Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration
			6.3.1.3 Nutrient Cycling and Soil Formation
		6.3.2 Effects on Provisioning Services
			6.3.2.1 Agricultural Productivity
			6.3.2.2 Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
			6.3.2.3 Forest Resources
			6.3.2.4 Livestock and Grazing Resources
			6.3.2.5 Energy Resources
		6.3.3 Effects on Regulating Services
			6.3.3.1 Climate Regulation
			6.3.3.2 Disease Regulation
			6.3.3.3 Flood Control and Water Regulation
			6.3.3.4 Air Quality Regulation
			6.3.3.5 Coastal Protection
		6.3.4 Effects on Cultural Services
			6.3.4.1 Tourism and Aesthetic Values
			6.3.4.2 Cultural Heritage
			6.3.4.3 Spiritual and Religious Connections
			6.3.4.4 Ecotourism and Sustainable Practices
	6.4 Policy, Governance, and Future Pathways
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Mensurational Assessment of Partial, Total Tree, and Stand Mortality of Mangrove Dieback Amidst Climate Change in The Gambia, West Africa
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Operational Definition of Dieback
	7.3 Material and Methods
		7.3.1 Biodiversity
		7.3.2 Conservation and Restoration Efforts
		7.3.3 Integrated Approach to the Dieback Study
		7.3.4 Survey of Mangrove Sites and Sampling Strategy
		7.3.5 Measurement Protocols
			7.3.5.1 Measurement of Tree and Stand Parameters for Forest Structure Following Dieback
			7.3.5.2 Tree Diameter Measurements
			7.3.5.3 Tree Height Measurements
			7.3.5.4 Root, Sapling, and Seedling Inventory
		7.3.6 Statistical Data Analysis
	7.4 Findings
		7.4.1 Situation of Dieback in Study Areas
			7.4.1.1 Overview of Vegetation Profile and Structure in Affected and Healthy Sites
	7.5 Conclusions
	7.6 Management of Mangrove Ecosystem Against Dieback and Future Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 8 Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Sustainability: Issues, Challenges, and Bioremediation Strategies
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollution and Global Sustainability
		8.1.2 Metals Considered as “Heavy” Types
		8.1.3 Sources of HMs in Environment
			8.1.3.1 Lithogenic Sources (Natural Sources)
			8.1.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources (Manmade Sources)
	8.2 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Heavy Metals
	8.3 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals
		8.3.1 Mechanism of Physical Remediation
			8.3.1.1 Reverse Osmosis
			8.3.1.2 Filtration
			8.3.1.3 Electrodialysis
		8.3.2 Mechanism of Chemical Remediation
			8.3.2.1 Ion Exchange
			8.3.2.2 Adsorption
			8.3.2.3 Chemical Precipitation
		8.3.3 Bioremediation
			8.3.3.1 Mechanism of Bioremediation
	8.4 Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Heavy Metal Remediation
		8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals by Biofilms
		8.4.2 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosurfactants
		8.4.3 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Nanoparticles
		8.4.4 Genetic Engineering in Heavy Metal Bioremediation
		8.4.5 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosensors
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Innovative Techniques for Soil and Water Conservation
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Importance of Soil and Water Conservation
		9.2.1 Traditional Soil and Water Conservation Methods
		9.2.2 Need for Innovative Techniques
	9.3 Emerging Technologies in Soil and Water Conservation
		9.3.1 Holistic Climate-Resilient Land, Soil, and Water Management Technologies and Practices
		9.3.2 Water-Efficient Technology
		9.3.3 AI-Driven Management
		9.3.4 Remote Sensing Technology
		9.3.5 Atmospheric Water Irrigation System
		9.3.6 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
		9.3.7 Rainwater Collection Systems
		9.3.8 Precision Farming
		9.3.9 Conservation Tillage
	9.4 Innovative Techniques for Soil Conservation
		9.4.1 Polymers and Biopolymers for Soil Conservation
			9.4.1.1 Biopolymer-Based Soil Treatment (BPST)
			9.4.1.2 Environmentally Friendly Soil Binders
			9.4.1.3 Cross-Linked Polymer Soil Stabilizer
			9.4.1.4 Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
			9.4.1.5 Leather Waste-Derived Fertilizers
	9.5 Nanotechnology for Soil and Water Conservation
		9.5.1 Water Purification
		9.5.2 Soil Remediation
			9.5.2.1 Nanomaterials and Soil Stabilization
			9.5.2.2 Enhancing Plant Growth with Nanoparticles
			9.5.2.3 Soil Erosion Control
	9.6 Innovative Techniques for Water Conservation
		9.6.1 Rainwater Storage and Reuse
		9.6.2 Precision Irrigation Technologies
		9.6.3 Water-Saving Technology
		9.6.4 Digital Water Management
		9.6.5 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
		9.6.6 Desalination
		9.6.7 Wastewater Processing
		9.6.8 Advanced Filtration
		9.6.9 Improved Sensors
			9.6.9.1 Soil Moisture Sensors
			9.6.9.2 Remote Sensing Technology
			9.6.9.3 Wireless Sensors
			9.6.9.4 Integration with Decision Support Systems
		9.6.10 Satellite Telemetry
	9.7 Challenges and Opportunities in Adopting Innovative Techniques for Water and Soil Conservation
		9.7.1 Challenges in Adopting Innovative Techniques
			9.7.1.1 Traditional Mindset and Resistance to Change
			9.7.1.2 Skills and Training Shortage
			9.7.1.3 Expense and Investment
			9.7.1.4 Time and Resources for Acquiring and Implementing New Tools
			9.7.1.5 Adapting to Swift Technological Progress
		9.7.2 Opportunities for Adopting Innovative Techniques
			9.7.2.1 Enhanced Efficiency
			9.7.2.2 Increased Productivity
			9.7.2.3 Cost Reduction
			9.7.2.4 Competitive Advantage
			9.7.2.5 Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity
			9.7.2.6 Advanced Resource Management
			9.7.2.7 Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis
			9.7.2.8 Collaborative Knowledge Sharing
			9.7.2.9 Addressing Societal Challenges
	9.8 Conclusion
	9.9 Future Outlook for Innovative Water and Soil Conservation
	References
Chapter 10 “Green Technology”—Efficient Solution Toward Environmental Management in 21st Century
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 General Aims and Objectives of Green Technology
		10.1.2 Necessity of Green Technology for Environmental Management
		10.1.3 Nexus Between Green Technology, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability
			10.1.3.1 Green Technology and Climate Change
			10.1.3.2 Green Technology and Ecosystem Management
			10.1.3.3 Green Technology and Global Sustainability
	10.2 Application of Green Technology in Different Sectors
		10.2.1 Energy
			10.2.1.1 Renewable Energy Sources
			10.2.1.2 Energy-Efficient Technology
		10.2.2 Agriculture
		10.2.3 Waste Management and Recycling
		10.2.4 Building and Construction
		10.2.5 Vertical Gardens and Farms
		10.2.6 Transportation
		10.2.7 Emission Treatment
		10.2.8 Water Treatment
		10.2.9 Air Purification
		10.2.10 Healthcare
		10.2.11 Food and Its Processing
	10.3 Challenges in Adopting Green Technology
	10.4 Government Initiative in Green Technology
	10.5 Some Green Companies in India
	10.6 Conclusion
	10.7 Future Perspective of Green Technology Toward Environmental Management
	References
Chapter 11 Navigating Sustainability and Ecosystem Management Through a Systemic Lens: Core Principles
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Prerequisites for the Shift Toward Sustainability: A Historical and Resource-Energy Perspective
	11.3 Natural and Societal Underpinnings of Sustainability
	11.4 Systemic Basics of Natural and Social Object Functioning
	11.5 Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management Through the Prism of System Principles
	11.6 Contours of Sustainable Economy
	11.7 Key Pathways for Advancing Sustainable Economy
	11.8 Principles of Natural and Social Systems’ Sustainable Development
	11.9 Ecosystems’ Contributions to Maintaining Equilibrium in a Sustainable Economy
	11.10 Mechanisms of Sustainability Transformation
	11.11 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12 A Vulnerability Study on Groundwater Arsenic Exposures and Possible Sustainable Management Options
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Toxicity of Arsenic
	12.3 Origin and Mobility of Arsenic in the Environment
	12.4 Arsenic in Soil and Crops
		12.4.1 Arsenic in Soil
		12.4.2 Arsenic in Crops and Vegetables
	12.5 Epidemiology of Chronic Arsenicosis
	12.6 Arsenic Flow in Ecosystems
	12.7 Arsenic-Induced Health Risks Through Dietary Pathway
	12.8 Strategic Management of Arsenic Contamination
		12.8.1 Arsenic Transport and Control Mechanism
		12.8.2 Arsenic Removal Technology Options
	12.9 Biological Techniques for Removal of Arsenic
		12.9.1 Phytoremediation of Arsenic Through Hyperaccumulation Plants
	12.10 Water Resource Management for Minimization of Arsenic Contamination
		12.10.1 Watershed Management
		12.10.2 Irrigation Planning for Agricultural Practice
	12.11 Conclusions
	12.12 Future Research and Development Toward Management of Groundwater Contamination of Arsenic
	References
Chapter 13 Lessons Learned From Six Landscape Restoration Initiatives in Cameroon with Focus on the Species Selection and Women’s Involvement
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Site and Project Selection
	13.3 Data Collection Device
	13.4 General Characterization
	13.5 Species Choice
	13.6 Key Aspects and Lessons Learned
		13.6.1 Specific Lessons Learned From REPARAC/IRAD (RI1)
		13.6.2 Specific Lessons From “Un Parisien, un arbre” (RI2)
		13.6.3 Specific Lessons From “Dimako Communal Forestry” (RI3)
		13.6.4 Specific Lessons From “Sahel Vert Reforestation Operation” (RI4)
		13.6.5 Specific Lessons From “PRODEBALT” (RI5)
		13.6.6 Specific Lessons From “Water, Soil, and Trees (ESA)” (RI6)
	13.7 Conclusions Recommendations and Future Perspectives
		13.7.1 Conclusions
		13.7.2 Recommendations
		13.7.3 Future Perspective of Landscape Restoration
	References
Chapter 14 Micropollutants in Environment: Sources, Ecotoxicity, and Strategies for Remediation
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Environmental Pollution as a Decade-Old Concern
	14.3 Micropollutants in the Environment and Their Sources
		14.3.1 Fertilizers and Pesticides
		14.3.2 Textile Dyes
		14.3.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
		14.3.4 Particulate Matters
		14.3.5 Microplastics
		14.3.6 Heavy Metals
		14.3.7 Distribution of Micropllutants on Global and Indian Perspective
	14.4 Ecotoxicity of Micropollutants
		14.4.1 Impacts on Invertebrates
		14.4.2 Impacts on Fish
		14.4.3 Impacts on Amphibians and Reptiles
		14.4.4 Impacts on Birds
		14.4.5 Impacts on Mammals and Humans
	14.5 Molecular Mechanism of Toxicity
	14.6 Remedial Approaches
		14.6.1 Bioremediation
		14.6.2 Physico-Chemical Remediation
	14.7 Future Research and Development on Micropollutants for Sustainable Ecosystem Management
	14.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 15 Acid Mine Drainage: A Silent Threat to Environmental Health and Its Journey Toward Sustainable Management
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Understanding the Genesis and Characteristics of AMD
	15.3 Scenario of AMD in Globe and Indian Subcontinent
	15.4 Impacts of AMD
		15.4.1 Impact on Economy
		15.4.2 Impact on Environment and Life Forms
		15.4.3 Impact on Human Health
	15.5 Prevention of AMD
		15.5.1 Controlling AMD Formation
		15.5.2 Controlling AMD Migration
	15.6 Remediation from AMD
	15.7 Sustainable Mining Practices
		15.7.1 Reuse of Resources
			15.7.1.1 Conventional Membrane Methods
			15.7.1.2 Alternative Membrane Methods
		15.7.2 Resource Recovery
	15.8 Conclusion
	15.9 Future Researches and Development in AMD
	References
Chapter 16 Bio-Collage Mode of Plantation for Increase in Green Cover to Manage Ecosystem and Environment
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Background
	16.3 Objective
		16.3.1 Deforestation
		16.3.2 Global Warming
		16.3.3 Habitat Destruction
		16.3.4 Urbanization
	16.4 Practices of Plantation
		16.4.1 Ancient Practices of Plantation
		16.4.2 Social Forestry and Afforestation Practices
		16.4.3 Extant Method of Plantation Including Afforestation
	16.5 Recast Modality of Plantation
		16.5.1 Category 1 (“Add-On” Initiative)
		16.5.2 Category 2 (“In-Pair” Initiative)
		16.5.3 Category 3 (“Fabric” Initiative)
	16.6 Elaboration of Suitable Plant Types
		16.6.1 Shade Trees as Found Planted on the Sides of Road Corridors
		16.6.2 Edible Fruit Plants as Found Planted Scatteredly or on Isolated Places as well as on the Road Side
		16.6.3 Ornamental Plants Usually Found as Avenue Trees in Most Cities/Towns for Showy Flowers or Appreciable Shapes of the Plant
		16.6.4 Trees Found Wild or Selectively Planted
		16.6.5 Low-Height or Shrubby Plants Beautifying the Median Strip of National Highways and State Highways
	16.7 Statutory Precaution
	16.8 Future Directive
		16.8.1 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature and Ecosystem Management
		16.8.2 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Combatting Environmental Pollution and Climate Change
		16.8.3 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Environmental Sustainability
	16.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17 The Impact of Unsustainable Development and Climate Change on Agriculture and Forestry in Nigeria: Predictions, Solutions, and Management
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Unsustainable Development: The Nigeria Perspective
	17.3 Fisheries and Vegetation Resources in Nigeria
		17.3.1 Sustainable Fisheries Management
	17.4 Climate Change Scenario in Nigeria
		17.4.1 Wetland, Agriculture, Forest, and Land Resources
		17.4.2 Sand Land Characteristics
	17.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources
		17.5.1 Impact on Wetlands
		17.5.2 Impact of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources
	17.6 Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Natural Resources
		17.6.1 Anthropogenic Activities
		17.6.2 Natural Resources
		17.6.3 Impact on Water Bodies
		17.6.4 Impact on Air
		17.6.5 Impact on Land and Soil
		17.6.6 Impact on Biodiversity
	17.7 Environmental Management of Natural Resources
	17.8 Solutions to Present and Future Climate Change Predictions
		17.8.1 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		17.8.2 Decarbonizing Transportation
		17.8.3 Reforestation and Afforestation
		17.8.4 Renewable Energy in Buildings
		17.8.5 Methane and Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Emission Reduction
			17.8.5.1 Methane (CH4)
			17.8.5.2 Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs)
	17.9 Policy Decision and Regulation/Legal Framework
	17.10 Conclusion and Recommendations
	17.11 Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 18 Monitoring Water Quality to Support Sustainable Development: A Case Study From a Small Tropical Mountain River System, Southwest of Kerala, India
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Data and Methodology
		18.2.1 Study Area
		18.2.2 Materials and Methods
	18.3 Results and Discussion
		18.3.1 Piper Diagram
		18.3.2 Gibbs Diagram
		18.3.3 Comparison Graphs of HCO3 Versus Ca + Mg, Total Cations Versus Na + K, and Total Cations Versus Ca + Mg
		18.3.4 Correlation Matrix
		18.3.5 Water Quality Assessments
			18.3.5.1 Drinking Water Quality
			18.3.5.2 Irrigation Water Quality
	18.4 Conclusion
	18.5 Future Perspective of Water Quality Monitoring and Environmental Sustainability
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 19 Wetland Management Through Integrated Fish Farming: An Institutional Case Study
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Wetlands and Their Importance
		19.1.2 Necessity for Wetland Management
		19.1.3 Integrated Fish Farming Scenario Across the Globe and Indian Subcontinent
	19.2 Wetland/Water Body
		19.2.1 Study Area
	19.3 Aquaculture Research and Training Unit
		19.3.1 Establishment of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit
		19.3.2 Objective of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit
			19.3.2.1 Education for the Students
			19.3.2.2 Research
			19.3.2.3 Training Program
			19.3.2.4 Entrepreneurship
	19.4 Management of Water Body
		19.4.1 Pisciculture
			19.4.1.1 Pond Preparation
			19.4.1.2 Fish Varieties
			19.4.1.3 Release of Fingerling
			19.4.1.4 Inspection and Sampling
			19.4.1.5 Feeding and Rearing
			19.4.1.6 Capture of Adult Fishes and Other Aquatic Animals
			19.4.1.7 Marketing
			19.4.1.8 Education and Training
		19.4.2 Larvicidal Fish Culture Hub
			19.4.2.1 Pond Preparation
			19.4.2.2 Fish Varieties
			19.4.2.3 Release of Larvicidal Fishes
			19.4.2.4 Rearing/Culture of Larvicidal Fishes
			19.4.2.5 Dengue/Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevention
			19.4.2.6 Community Service
		19.4.3 Sustainable Development
			19.4.3.1 Wastewater Management via Phytoremediation
			19.4.3.2 Ecosystem Conservation
			19.4.3.3 Conservation of Natural Habitat
	19.5 Future Plans
		19.5.1 Integrated Poultry and Pearl Culture
		19.5.2 Larvicidal Fish Marketing, Aquarium Establishment, Ornamental, as well as Training
		19.5.3 Medicinal Plant Garden
		19.5.4 Butterfly Conservation Center
		19.5.5 Establishment of Biodiversity Park
	19.6 Future Research and Development in Integrated Fish Farming and Wetland Management
	19.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20 Millet-Based Food Adoption for Environmental Sustainability and Nutritional Security
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Origin of Millets
	20.3 Global Distribution and Production of Millets
	20.4 Distribution of Millet Cultivation in India
	20.5 Millets with Their Nutritional Value
		20.5.1 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
		20.5.2 Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
		20.5.3 Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)
		20.5.4 Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica)
		20.5.5 Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
		20.5.6 Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)
		20.5.7 Little Millet (Panicum miliare)
		20.5.8 Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa crusgalli)
		20.5.9 Browntop Millet (Brachiaria ramose)
	20.6 Millet Cultivation Toward Environmental Resilience and Agricultural Sustainability
	20.7 Health Benefits of Millet
	20.8 Effect of Millet Consumption on Gut Microbiome
	20.9 Constraints of Millet Production
	20.10 Millet-Based Value-Added Products
		20.10.1 Food Products
		20.10.2 Millet as Bio-Fuel
		20.10.3 Millet as Fodder
		20.10.4 Millet as Beverages
	20.11 Millet as the Staple Food for Tribal Community
	20.12 Millet Movement Under Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Program
	20.13 Conclusion
	20.14 Future Research and Development in Sustainable Millet Production and Environmental Sustainability
	References
About the Editors
Index
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