Ecosystem-Based Disaster and Climate Resilience: Integration of Blue-Green Infrastructure in Sustainable Development (Disaster and Risk Research: GADRI Book Series)

Preface
About This Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Uncertainties in Urbanizing World and Nature-Based Resilience Building
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Impact of Growing Urban
	1.3 Sustainable Development Dilemma
	1.4 Risk and Resilience
	1.5 Nature-Centric Resilience
	References
Part I Policy Analysis, Policy Framing and Recognition of Nature-Based Solution
2 Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EbA) in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Status, Progress and Challenges
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Materials and Methods
		2.2.1 Data Collection: Literature Search, Screening and Categorization
		2.2.2 Data Analysis
	2.3 Findings
		2.3.1 Status of EbA in the Hindu Kush Himalaya
		2.3.2 Progress of Countries Towards EbA in the Region
		2.3.3 Benefits of EbA in the Region
		2.3.4 Challenges of EbA in the Hindu Kush Himalaya
	2.4 Discussions
	2.5 Conclusion
	Annex
	References
3 Evaluation of Ecosystem-Based Approaches for Disaster and Climate Risk Resilience and Policy Perspectives in Pakistan
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Agro-Ecological Zones of Pakistan
	3.3 Forest Ecosystem, DRR, Climate Risk and Policy
		3.3.1 Spatial Pattern of Mangrove Forests, DRR and Climate Risk Resilience
		3.3.2 Spatial Pattern of Coniferous Ecosystem, DRR and Climate Risk Resilience
		3.3.3 Forest Ecosystem, DRR and Policy Measures
	3.4 Agriculture, Food Security Nexus with DRR, Climate Risk and Policy
		3.4.1 Agriculture Sector, Yield and Production
		3.4.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
		3.4.3 Policy Measures Related to Food Security and Agriculture
	3.5 Land and Water Resources and Its Link with DRR and Climate Risk
		3.5.1 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources
		3.5.2 Water Versus DRR, Climate Risk and Policy Measures
	3.6 Urbanization, DRR and Climate Risk
	3.7 Natural Hazards, DRR, Climate Risk and Policy
		3.7.1 Earthquake Resilience and Policy
		3.7.2 Flood Risk, Resilience and Policy
		3.7.3 Climate and Disaster Risk Management System
	3.8 Strategies in Addressing Climate Change, Disaster Resilience and Policy
		3.8.1 Pakistan Climate Change Act, 2017
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
4 Ecosystem-Based Approaches and Policy Perspectives in Nepal
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Ecosystem-Based Approaches for Reducing Risks and Adapting to Climate Change
	4.3 Integrating EbA and Eco-DRR into Planning and Policy
	4.4 Ecosystem-Based Approaches to DRR and Adaptation in the International Policy
	4.5 Ecosystem-Based Approaches to DRR and Adaptation in National Plans and Policies in Nepal
		4.5.1 National Adaptation Plan (NAP)
		4.5.2 National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA)
		4.5.3 Nepal Climate Change Policy
		4.5.4 National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management
	4.6 The Potential and Limitations of EbA and Eco-DRR
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5 Ecosystem-Based Approaches and Policy Perspective from India
	5.1 Development in India: An Overview
	5.2 Disaster, Climate Change and Development Linkages: Indian Context
	5.3 Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change
	5.4 Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) and Ecosystem-Based Adaption (EbA)
	5.5 Policy Perspective from India
		5.5.1 Climate Change
		5.5.2 Disaster Management
		5.5.3 Sectoral Policies
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 Ecosystem-Based Approaches and Policy Perspectives: Towards an Integrated Blue–Green Solutions in Vietnam
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 EbA Reflected Through Policies on Climate Change and Disaster Response in Vietnam
		6.2.1 Climate Change Response Policies
		6.2.2 Disaster Response Policies
	6.3 Integration of EbA Through Sectors’ Policies
	6.4 EbA Implementation Projects in Vietnam
		6.4.1 Return Overweighs Cost in EbA Projects
		6.4.2 EbA Targets the Poor Communities and Ethnic Minority Groups
		6.4.3 Management Approach Shifted from Top-Down to Bottom-Up and Co-management in EbA Projects
		6.4.4 CbA is Complementary to the Successfulness of EbA
		6.4.5 Sustainability of the EbA Projects
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 Turning Blue, Green and Gray: Opportunities for Blue-Green Infrastructure in the Philippines
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Principles, Criteria, and Standard for NbS
	7.2 Nature-Based Solutions in the Philippines
		7.2.1 Implementing NbS in the Philippines
		7.2.2 Rehabilitating Ecosystems and Renewed Attention to Environmental Protection
		7.2.3 Village-Level Green-Gray Management Strategy for Coastal Protection in Polillo, Quezon, Philippines: A Case Study
	7.3 Discussion: Opportunities for Scaling Up
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
8 Making Resilience a Reality: The Contribution of Peri-urban Ecosystem Services (BGI) to Urban Resilience
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Urban Resilience, Strengthening the Rural–Urban Link
		8.2.1 Economic Preferencing in Planning
	8.3 Multifunctional Nature of Peri-urban Space
		8.3.1 PUA Adaptability
		8.3.2 Challenges Facing PUA
	8.4 Peri-urban Ecosystem: Threats, Benefits, and Opportunities
		8.4.1 Climate Change—Anthropogenic Threats
		8.4.2 Threats to Peri-urban Ecosystems
		8.4.3 Opportunities for Adaptive and Multifunctional Peri-urban Areas
		8.4.4 Blue, Green, and Grey Infrastructure
	8.5 Policy and Planning
		8.5.1 Global Frameworks
		8.5.2 Political Will, Policy Making and Planning
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9 Innovations to Reduce Disaster Risks of Water Challenges
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Water Scarcity
		9.1.2 Water Quality
	9.2 Innovations as Policy Instruments to Reduce Water Challenge Risks
	9.3 Innovative Approaches to Address Water Unavailability
	9.4 Innovative Approaches to Address Water Quality
		9.4.1 Holistic Intervention for Inland Salinity
		9.4.2 Integrated Intervention for Coastal Salinity
		9.4.3 Integrated Intervention for Sea Water Intrusion
	9.5 Addressing Health-Related Disasters Due to Poor Water Quality
		9.5.1 Innovations to Address Arsenic Menace
		9.5.2 Reducing Disaster Risk in Wetlands
		9.5.3 Innovations to Address Disaster Risk in Sensitive Ecosystem
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Part II Science Investigation, Technology and Planning Intervention
10 Future Heat Risk in South Asia and the Need for Ecosystem Mitigation
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Extreme Heat Events and the Urban Heat-Island Effect
	10.3 Extreme Heat and UHI in South Asia
	10.4 Future Urbanization in South Asia
	10.5 Climate Change and Extreme Heat in South Asia
	10.6 Climate Change and Human Health
	10.7 Extreme Heat and Human Health
	10.8 Heat-Related Morbidity and Mortality in South Asia
	10.9 Reducing the Impacts of Heat-Related Morbidity and Mortality in South Asia Through the Use of Blue-Green Infrastructure
	10.10 Future Implications of Extreme Heat and Blue-Green Infrastructure in South Asia
	References
11 Urban Risk Assessment Tools and Techniques for Ecosystem-Based Solutions
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Understanding and Assessing Risk
		11.1.2 The GEOINT Advantage
	11.2 Urban Heat
	11.3 Urban Flood
	11.4 Assessment Indices
		11.4.1 Heat Specific Indices
		11.4.2 Flood Specific Indices
	11.5 Risk Investigation
		11.5.1 Data Collection
		11.5.2 Assessment Tools and Techniques
	11.6 Conclusion
	Bibliography
12 Scaling-up Nature-Based Solutions for Mainstreaming Resilience in Indian Cities
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Identification of Appropriate NbS for Sustainability Concerns of Growing Urban Sprawls
	12.3 NBS Options for Urban Environment
	12.4 Case Study Approach to Understand the Context of BGI in Indian Cities
		12.4.1 Tier I City Context: Bengaluru
		12.4.2 Tier II City Context: Nagpur
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13 Incorporation of BIM Based Modeling in Sustainable Development of Green Building from Stakeholders Perspective
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Driving Factors to Adopt Sustainability Integrated BIM
		13.2.1 Design Assessment
		13.2.2 Complexity of Green Building Infrastructure
		13.2.3 Sustainability
		13.2.4 Cost Reliability and Management
		13.2.5 Time to Market: Schedule Management
		13.2.6 Facility and Information Asset Management
	13.3 Barriers to Implementing BIM
		13.3.1 High Cost of Training
		13.3.2 Implementing BIM After Completion of Finance and Design
		13.3.3 Numerous and Costly Legal Barriers
		13.3.4 Building Information Model Being Too Demanding on Owner Resources
		13.3.5 Everyone Must Be BIM Compliant
		13.3.6 Technology is not Ready for Integrated Design
		13.3.7 Waiting for Standards to Be Defined or Widely Adopted
	13.4 Guidelines Thatowners Can Consider to Use and Implement Sustainability IntegraTED BIM
		13.4.1 Scope and Level of Detail
		13.4.2 Leading Implementation of BIM on a Project
		13.4.3 Develop Guidelines for BIM on Projects
		13.4.4 Build Internal Leadership and Knowledge
		13.4.5 Service Provider Selection
		13.4.6 Change Deliverable Requirements
		13.4.7 Establishing Metrics to Analyze Progress
		13.4.8 Doing a Prototype Run or Running a Pilot Project
	13.5 Comparative Study
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
14 Road to Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction: Comprehensive Approach for Smart Urban Areas Management
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 A River Became Beautiful and Eco-friendly
	14.3 Story at Outside of Rivers
	14.4 To Make a City Safe and Beautiful by Eco-friendly Way
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
Part III Case Studies
15 Path Towards Sustainable Water Management: A Case Study of Shimla, India
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Understanding Nature-Based Solution (NbS) and Water
	15.3 Introduction of Study Area
	15.4 Growing Concern of Water Stress in Shimla City
	15.5 Land Use Land Cover of Shimla District
	15.6 Reasons for Increasing the Water Stress in Shimla City
		15.6.1 Trend of Urbanisation in Shimla District
		15.6.2 Cropping Pattern of Shimla District
	15.7 Suggestion
	15.8 Conclusion
	References
16 Application of Remote Sensing Image in ECO-DRR for Dehradun City
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Its Relation with Ecosystem Based and Remote Sensing
	16.3 Necessity and Implications of Ecosystem Based DRR in Hill Cities
	16.4 Geospatial Tools for Risk Assessment and Ecosystem Based Solutions
	16.5 Urban Risk Assessment in Dehradun City
		16.5.1 Risk Profile of the City
	16.6 Applications of Tools and Techniques
		16.6.1 Green Infrastructure (Vegetation)
		16.6.2 Urbanization (Built up Region)
		16.6.3 Blue Infrastructure (Water Bodies, Natural Springs, Natural Drainage)
		16.6.4 Land Surface Temperature (LST)
		16.6.5 Overlay Matrix
	16.7 Analysis
	16.8 Ecosystem Based Solutions for Dehradun
	16.9 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
17 Ecosystem-Based Approaches for Water Stress Management—Lessons from Nagpur Metropolitan Area, India
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Overview of Ecosystem-Based Approaches
	17.3 Ecosystem-Based Approaches for Water Stress Management
	17.4 Case of Nagpur Metropolitan Area, India
		17.4.1 Environmental Profile of NMA
		17.4.2 Freshwater Resources in NMA and Transboundary Concerns
		17.4.3 Water Governance
	17.5 Discussion
		17.5.1 Varied Water-Related Concerns and the Need for Water Conservation
		17.5.2 Need for Addressing Urban–Rural Linkages and Nexus Considerations
		17.5.3 Enhancing Wastewater Reuse and Resource Recovery from Nag River
		17.5.4 Enabling Transboundary Cooperation Through Multi-stakeholder Engagement
	17.6 Conclusion
	References
18 Challenges in Decision-Making for Building Resilience to Climate Risks
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 The Sundarbans
	18.3 Climate Resilience Options for the Indian Sundarbans
	18.4 Manage/Accommodate
	18.5 Resist/Protect
	18.6 Retreat
	18.7 Climate Resilience Decision-Making Framework
	18.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
19 A “Greener” Alternative: The Sri Lankan Experience of Eco-DRR
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 An Overview of Natural Disasters in Sri Lanka
	19.3 Sri Lankan Experience in Indigenous Knowledge, Ancient Wisdom, and Good Practices Related to Disaster Risk Reduction
		19.3.1 Indigenous Knowledge, Wisdom, and Good Practices
		19.3.2 Traditional Home Gardens as Good Practices
		19.3.3 The Role of Protected Areas as a Good Practice in Eco-DRR
	19.4 Ecosystem Services and Disaster Risk Reduction: Recent Case Studies
		19.4.1 Improving Wetland Network and Infrastructure to Reduce Urban Flood Risk
		19.4.2 Mangroves to Protect the Coast from Hazards
	19.5 Enhanced Community Resilience Through Ecosystem Services
	19.6 Toward an Effective Eco-DRR Approach: Proper Care and Management for the “Greener Alternative”
	19.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
20 The Watarase Retarding Basin—A Historical Example of Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Ashio Copper Mine and Watarase River
	20.3 Flood Control on the Tone and Edo Rivers, and Watarase Retarding Basin
	20.4 Development of the Watarase Retarding Basin After World War II
	20.5 Land Use Changes Since Before the Construction of the Watarase Retarding Basin to the Present
	20.6 Biodiversity in the Watarase Retarding Basin
	20.7 Designation as a Ramsar Site and “Wise Use” of the Watarase Retarding Basin
	20.8 Conclusion
	Appendix 1. Chronological Order of Events Related to the Watarase Retarding Basin
	References
21 Self-efficacy for EbA and Human Health in a Post-disaster Recovery Phase
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Post-disaster EbA Solution in the Japanese Context
	21.3 Case Study of EbA in a Post-disaster Rural Community
		21.3.1 Study Site
		21.3.2 Data Set
		21.3.3 Statistical Method
	21.4 Results
	21.5 Conclusion
	References
22 Freshwater Biomonitoring: An Ecosystem-Based Approach (EbA) for Building Climate Resilience Communities in Fiji
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Methodology
		22.2.1 Study Site
	22.3 Consultation
		22.3.1 Stream Health Biological Indicator Training
		22.3.2 Workshop
	22.4 Field Work-Sampling and Identification of Biological Indicators of Water Quality
		22.4.1 Pilot Stream Health Monitoring Design
		22.4.2 Rock Wash Sampling and Traffic Light Bioindicator Field Guide
	22.5 Results
		22.5.1 The Major Workshop Outcomes
		22.5.2 Bioassessment Findings Using Traffic Light Bioindicator Guide
	22.6 Community-Based Adaptations
	22.7 Discussion
		22.7.1 Community-Based River Monitoring (CBRM) Program Applicability to the Indigenous Community
		22.7.2 Macroinvertebrate Fauna Assessment, River Health and Human Health
		22.7.3 Traffic Light Bioindicator Guide—A Community Friendly Toolkit
		22.7.4 Traditional Ecological Knowledge
		22.7.5 Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Approach
	22.8 Conclusion
	References
23 Forward-Looking Lens to Mainstream Blue-Green Infrastructure
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Nature-Based Solutions—Blue-Green Infrastructure
	23.3 Pandemic
	23.4 Climate Change Scenario and BGI
	23.5 Adaptive Governance
	23.6 Concluding Remarks
	References