Economics and Finance Readings: Selected Papers from Asia-Pacific Conference on Economics & Finance, 2021

Preface
East Asia Research (EAR)
APEF Advisory Board
Contents
About the Editors
1 Language Requirement for Naturalization, Linguistic Networks, and International Migration: The Role of Common Unofficial Language
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Data, Variables, and Econometric Model
		1.2.1 Econometric Model
		1.2.2 Overview of Data
	1.3 Summary Statistics
	1.4 Results and Discussion
		1.4.1 Linguistic Proximity, Common Unofficial Language, and International Migration
		1.4.2 Linguistic Networks and Language Requirements for Naturalization
	1.5 Conclusion
	Appendices
	References
2 Smart Digitalization in Nordic Cities and Municipalities Through Internet of Things
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Smart Cities and Municipalities
	2.3 Internet of Things
	2.4 Methodology
		2.4.1 DESI Index
		2.4.2 Telenor NDMI Index
		2.4.3 In-depth Interviews
	2.5 Findings
		2.5.1 Value from Digitalization
		2.5.2 Challenges for Digitalization
	2.6 Discussion
	2.7 Conclusion and Further Research
	References
3 Are Attitudes to Financial Risk Reflected in Precautional Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A European Study of Individuals Aged 50+ 
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Method
		3.2.1 Data
		3.2.2 Eligibility Criterion
		3.2.3 Risk Attitudes
		3.2.4 Precautionary Behavior
	3.3 Results
	3.4 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
4 Impact of User Participation Behavior and Participation Emotion on Quality of Users’ Ideas in the Virtual Brand community
	4.1 Research Background
	4.2 Literature Review and Research Hypothesis
		4.2.1 The Breadth of User Participation
		4.2.2 The Depth of User Participation
		4.2.3 The Emotional of User Participation
	4.3 Research Methods
		4.3.1 Data Collection and Preprocessing
		4.3.2 Research Variables
	4.4 Hypothesis Testing and Empirical Analysis
		4.4.1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis
		4.4.2 Regression Analysis
		4.4.3 Analysis of Results
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 The Impact of Temporal Leadership on the Constructive Deviant Behavior of Knowledge Workers—A Multi-chain Mediating Effect of Regulatory Focus and Self-efficacy
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Theoretical Basis and Research Hypothesis
		5.2.1 Temporal Leadership and Employee’s Constructive Deviant Behaviors
		5.2.2 The Mediating Effect of Regulatory Focus
	5.3 The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy
	5.4 The Multi-chain Mediating Effect of Regulatory Focus and Self-efficacy
	5.5 Method
		5.5.1 Design and Procedure
		5.5.2 Variable Metrics
	5.6 Statistical Analysis
		5.6.1 Correlation Analysis
		5.6.2 Reliability and Validity Test and Common Variance Test
		5.6.3 Multiple Chain Mediating Effect Test
	5.7 Research Conclusion and Discussion
		5.7.1 Research Conclusions
		5.7.2 Theoretical Significance and Research Prospect
		5.7.3 Research Limitations and Future Prospects
	References
6 What, Why, and How Financial Development Matters: Evidence of ASEAN-5, Asia-5 and OECD-7 Economies
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Data
		6.2.1 Variance Decomposition
		6.2.2 Scatter Plots
	6.3 Methodology of Panel Data Estimation
	6.4 Model and Results
	6.5 Conclusions
	References