Ecology and Evolution of Flowers

Contents......Page 10
List of contributors......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 Biographical sketch......Page 23
1.3.1 Early investigations on mating systems......Page 26
1.3.2 Integration of pollination and mating......Page 27
1.4.1 Early investigations of plant sexual diversity......Page 29
1.4.3 Gender concepts and theory......Page 31
1.5 Allocation strategies......Page 32
1.5.1 Allocation to competing functions......Page 33
1.5.2 Size-number compromises......Page 34
1.6 Floral mechanisms......Page 35
1.6.2 The evolution of heterostyly......Page 36
1.7 Lloyd’s evolution......Page 38
References......Page 39
Part 1 Strategic perspectives on floral biology......Page 44
2.1 Introduction......Page 46
2.2 Phenotypic selection on reproductive strategy......Page 47
2.3 Plant and pollinator interaction......Page 50
2.4 Self-fertilization, phenotypic selection, and reproductive assurance......Page 55
2.5 Discussion......Page 58
References......Page 59
3.1 Introduction......Page 62
3.2 The classic model of sex allocation for outcrossing species......Page 63
3.3 Plant size and sex allocation......Page 68
3.4 Joint evolution of reproductive effort and sex allocation in perennial plants......Page 74
3.5 Discussion and conclusion......Page 77
References......Page 78
4.1 Introduction......Page 82
4.2 Pollen fates and ovule fates......Page 83
4.3 Limits on seed production......Page 89
4.4 Examples of the roles of pollen and ovule fates in floral and mating-system evolution......Page 92
4.5 Concluding discussion......Page 97
References......Page 99
Part 2 Ecological context of floral function and its evolution......Page 102
5.1 Introduction......Page 104
5.2 Three iconic patterns of pollinator-mediated gene dispersal......Page 105
5.3 A historical perspective on the theory of pollinator-mediated gene dispersal......Page 106
5.4 Qualitative generalizations from the portion-dilution model......Page 111
5.5 In pursuit of quantitative predictions from the portion-dilution model......Page 114
5.6 Evolutionary biology of the paternity shadow......Page 116
5.7 Prospects for the theory of pollinator-mediated gene dispersal......Page 118
References......Page 119
6.1 Introduction......Page 123
6.2 Properties of plants and communities......Page 125
6.3 Plant-community effects on pollinator responses......Page 126
6.4 Consequences of pollinator responses for selection on plant reproductive traits......Page 128
6.5 Community context and mating-system evolution in Clarkia......Page 132
6.6 Conclusions and future directions......Page 136
References......Page 137
7.1 Introduction......Page 141
7.2 Selection on reproductive traits by non-pollinator agents......Page 144
7.3 Relative strengths of pollinator and non-pollinator agents of selection......Page 152
7.4 Synthesis of ecological and genetic observations......Page 155
References......Page 156
8.1 Introduction......Page 160
8.2 Components of flowering phenologies......Page 161
8.3 Flowering phenologies as reproductive strategies......Page 164
8.4 Flowering phenology and selection on plant reproduction: case studies of alpine plants......Page 170
8.5 Concluding remarks for future research......Page 174
References......Page 177
9.1 Introduction......Page 180
9.2 General effects of disturbance and their reproductive consequences......Page 182
9.3 Effects of human-caused perturbations on plant attributes......Page 183
9.4 Effects of human-caused perturbations on pollinator attributes......Page 185
9.5 Relation of pollination to modified plant attributes......Page 186
9.6 Relation of pollination to modified pollinator attributes......Page 188
9.7 Relation of plant reproduction to modified pollination......Page 189
9.8 Translation into a path-analysis framework: an example......Page 190
9.9 Modulators of plant reproductive response......Page 192
9.10 Anthropogenic disturbance and the structure of pollination interaction networks......Page 193
9.11 Prospects......Page 196
References......Page 197
Part 3 Mating strategies and sexual systems......Page 202
10.1 Introduction......Page 204
10.2 Reproductive assurance and self-fertilization: theoretical context......Page 205
10.3 Reproductive assurance and self-fertilization: empirical approaches......Page 207
10.4 Asexual reproduction: a neglected mechanism of reproductive assurance......Page 217
10.5 More experiments needed......Page 220
References......Page 221
11.1 Introduction......Page 225
11.2 The gynodioecy pathway to dioecy......Page 226
11.3 Importance of ecological context......Page 230
11.4 Spotlight on unresolved issues......Page 238
References......Page 240
12.1 Introduction......Page 244
12.3 Effects of single-event colonization on the sexual system......Page 245
12.4 Evolution of sexual systems in a metapopulation......Page 247
12.5 Evolution of dominant versus recessive traits in a metapopulation......Page 250
12.6 Modes of selfing and the evolution of geitonogamy......Page 252
References......Page 257
13.1 Introduction......Page 260
13.2 The evolution and functional basis of floral and sexual-system diversity......Page 263
13.3 Mating in monomorphic populations......Page 264
13.4 Mating in dimorphic populations......Page 265
13.5 Mating in trimorphic populations......Page 267
13.6 Discussion......Page 273
References......Page 275
Part 4 Floral diversification......Page 278
14.1 Introduction......Page 281
14.2 Simple polymorphisms: floral colour......Page 282
14.3 Ecological genetics of quantitative traits......Page 284
14.4 Natural selection on floral traits......Page 287
14.5 Independent evolution of correlated traits in radish......Page 289
14.6 Future directions......Page 294
References......Page 295
15.1 Introduction......Page 299
15.2 Representation of geographical variation in pollination studies......Page 300
15.3 Outcomes and limitations of geographically informed studies......Page 303
15.4 A case study: clinal variation of Lavandula latifolia flowers and pollinators......Page 305
15.5 Concluding remarks: towards an improved research programme in floral diversification......Page 311
References......Page 312
16.1 Introduction......Page 316
16.2 Why flowers evolve......Page 318
16.3 The geographic pollinator mosaic......Page 319
16.4 Pollination ecotypes......Page 321
16.5 The scale of gene flow in plants......Page 322
16.6 Geographic modes of pollinator-driven speciation......Page 323
16.7 Identifying pollinator-driven speciation......Page 324
16.8 Pollinators and reproductive isolation......Page 325
16.10 Adaptive radiation......Page 326
References......Page 327
17.1 Introduction......Page 332
17.2 How might floral traits affect diversification?......Page 333
17.3 Common tests for key innovations......Page 335
17.4 Methods......Page 337
17.5 Results......Page 338
17.6 Discussion......Page 340
References......Page 343
18.1 Introduction......Page 347
18.2 Genetic architecture of species differences; what do hybrid flowers look like?......Page 349
18.3 Floral traits and the frequency of mating between species and hybrids......Page 350
18.4 The relative importance of ethological and mechanical isolation......Page 353
18.5 Post-mating isolation......Page 358
18.6 Floral traits and the fitness of hybrids......Page 361
18.7 Conclusions and future directions......Page 362
References......Page 363
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