Ecological Geography of the Sea, 2nd Edition

Front cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 16
1 Toward an Ecological Geography of the Sea......Page 18
The Progressive Exploration of Oceanic and Shelf Ecosystems......Page 19
The Availability of Timely Global Oceanographic Data from Satellites......Page 22
Internal Dynamics of Satellite-Observed Algal Blooms......Page 28
Our New Understanding of the Role of Very Small Organisms......Page 31
2 Biogeographic Partition of the Ocean......Page 36
Taxonomic Diversity: The Shifting Baseline of Biogeography......Page 37
The Useful Results from 150 Years of Marine Biogeography......Page 41
Biogeographic Regions of the Pelagos......Page 42
Geographic Component of Benthic–Pelagic Coupling......Page 45
From Pristine to Modified Ecosystems......Page 48
3 Fronts and Pycnoclines: Ecological Discontinuities......Page 52
Oceanic Fronts and Eddy Streets......Page 53
Shelf-Edge and Upwelling Fronts......Page 56
Tidal Fronts and River Plumes of the Shelf Seas......Page 58
The Ubiquitous “Horizontal Front” at the Shallow Pycnocline......Page 60
4 Physical Control of Ecological Processes......Page 68
Ecological Consequences of Mesoscale Eddies and Planetary Waves......Page 70
Stratification and Irradiance: The Consequences of Latitude......Page 72
Regional and Latitudinal Resistance to Mixing in the Open Oceans......Page 75
Rule-Based Models of Ecological Response to External Forcing......Page 79
Case 2—Nutrient-Limited Spring Production Peak......Page 81
Case 4—Small-Amplitude Response to Trade Wind Seasonality......Page 82
Case 6—Intermittent Production at Coastal Divergences......Page 83
Coastal Asymmetry, Geomorphology, and Tidal Forcing......Page 84
5 Nutrient Limitation: The Example of Iron......Page 88
Nutrient Distribution and the Consequences of Differing Supply Ratios......Page 89
Regional Anomalies in Nutrient Limitation......Page 95
Models of Regional Nutrient Flux and Limitation......Page 100
6 Biomes: The Primary Partition......Page 106
The Four Primary Biomes of the Upper Ocean......Page 107
Polar Biome......Page 111
Westerlies Biome......Page 112
Trades Biome......Page 114
Coastal Biome......Page 116
7 Provinces: The Secondary Compartments......Page 120
Ecological Provinces in the Open Ocean......Page 122
A Statistical Test......Page 127
Analytical Tests......Page 128
Biogeographic Tests......Page 129
Practicable and Useful Partitions in Coastal Seas......Page 130
8 Longer Term Responses: From Seasons to Centuries......Page 132
Scales of External Forcing......Page 133
Recurrent, ENSO-Scale Changes of State......Page 135
Multidecadal Trends and Changes......Page 140
Conclusion: Stable Partitions in a Varying Ocean?......Page 145
9 The Atlantic Ocean......Page 148
Boreal Polar Province (BPLR)......Page 149
Atlantic Arctic Province (ARCT)......Page 159
Atlantic Subarctic Province (SARC)......Page 165
Atlantic Westerly Winds Biome......Page 173
North Atlantic Drift Province (NADR)......Page 174
Gulf Stream Province (GFST)......Page 180
North Atlantic Subtropical Gyral Province (NAST-E, NAST-W)......Page 183
Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea Province (MEDI)......Page 190
Atlantic Trade Wind Biome......Page 200
North Atlantic Tropical Gyral Province (NATR)......Page 201
Caribbean Province (CARB)......Page 205
Western Tropical Atlantic Province (WTRA)......Page 210
Eastern Tropical Atlantic Province (ETRA)......Page 218
South Atlantic Gyral Province (SATL)......Page 226
Northeast Atlantic Shelves Province (NECS)......Page 231
Canary Current Coastal Province (CNRY)......Page 241
Guinea Current Coastal Province (GUIN)......Page 250
Benguela Current Coastal Province (BENG)......Page 259
Northwest Atlantic Shelves Province (NWCS)......Page 265
Guianas Coastal Province (GUIA)......Page 274
Brazil Current Coastal Province (BRAZ)......Page 281
Southwest Atlantic Shelves Province (FKLD)......Page 285
10 The Indian Ocean......Page 292
Indian Monsoon Gyres Province (MONS)......Page 295
Indian South Subtropical Gyre Province (ISSG)......Page 302
Red Sea, Arabian Gulf Province (REDS)......Page 307
Northwest Arabian Sea Upwelling Province (ARAB)......Page 312
Western India Coastal Province (INDW)......Page 320
Eastern India Coastal Province (INDE)......Page 326
Eastern Africa Coastal Province (EAFR)......Page 331
Australia-Indonesia Coastal Province (AUSW)......Page 337
11 The Pacific Ocean......Page 344
North Pacific Epicontinental Sea Province (BERS)......Page 346
Pacific Subarctic Gyres Province, East and West (PSAG)......Page 354
Kuroshio Current Province (KURO)......Page 360
North Pacific Subtropical and Polar Front Provinces (NPST and NPPF)......Page 366
Tasman Sea Province (TASM)......Page 371
North Pacific Tropical Gyre Province (NPTG)......Page 374
North Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent Province (PNEC)......Page 379
Pacific Equatorial Divergence Province (PEQD)......Page 384
Western Pacific Warm Pool Province (WARM)......Page 390
Archipelagic Deep Basins Province (ARCH)......Page 395
South Pacific Subtropical Gyre Province, North and South (SPSG)......Page 402
Alaska Coastal Downwelling Province (ALSK)......Page 406
California Current Province (CALC)......Page 413
Central American Coastal Province (CAMR)......Page 421
Humboldt Current Coastal Province (HUMB)......Page 426
China Sea Coastal Province (CHIN)......Page 434
Sunda-Arafura Shelves Province (SUND)......Page 440
East Australian Coastal Province (AUSE)......Page 446
New Zealand Coastal Province (NEWZ)......Page 452
12 The Southern Ocean......Page 460
South Subtropical Convergence Province (SSTC)......Page 465
Subantarctic Water Ring Province (SANT)......Page 471
Antarctic Province (ANTA)......Page 480
Austral Polar Province (APLR)......Page 485
References......Page 494
Index......Page 544
Color Plates......Page 560