Ecological Footprints of Climate Change: Adaptive Approaches and Sustainability

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Ecological Footprints in Changing Climate: An Overview
		Introduction: Concept of Ecology, Ecosystem, and Natural Resources
			Biological Capacity/Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint
		Climate Change
			Asia
			Central America and the Caribbean
			Africa
			Latin America and the Caribbean
			South-West Pacific
			Europe
		Components of Ecological Footprint and Climate Change Consequences
			Land/Soil Ecosystem
			Forest Ecosystem
			Aquatic Ecosystem
		Carbon Footprint, Climate Change, and Sustainability
		Ecosystem and Sustainability
		Summary and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Assessing Global-Scale Synergy Between Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development for Projected Climate Ch...
		Introduction to Climate Change
		Key Drivers of Projected Climate Changes, Risks, and Impacts
			Projected Changes, Risks, and Impacts Under Climate Change
			Scenarios Beyond Twenty-First Century
		Future Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
			Basics of Decision-Making
			General Aspects of Mitigation and Adaptation Approaches
				Mitigation Pathways
				Adaptation Pathways
		Sustainable Development with Adaptation and Mitigation
			Response Options for Mitigation and Adaptation
			Integrated Response Options
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: Global Warming Impacts on the Environment in the Last Century
		Introduction
		Radiative Forcing to Climate Change
		Global Response to 1.5 C Global Warming
		Global Warming and the Environment
			Global Warming Impacts on Agriculture
			Global Warming Impact on Soil Resources
			Global Warming Impact on Water Resources
			Global Warming and Land Degradation
			Global Warming and the Forest Ecosystem
			Global Warming and Impact on Biodiversity
			Global Warming and Sea and Coastal Region
			Global Warming and Air Quality/Pollution and Urban regions
		Climate Change Projections over Indian Himalayas: A Case Study
			Locations
			Materials and Methods
			Salient Findings
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Analysis of Low-Flow Indices in the Era of Climate Change: An Application of CanESM2 Model
		Introduction
		The Rationale of the Study
		Materials and Methods
			Study Area
			GCMs and Emission Scenarios
			SDSM Downscaling Model
			Emission Scenarios
			HEC-HMS Modeling and Automatic Calibration with Optimization Trials
			Low-Flow Indices and Selection
			Distribution Function
			Environmental Water Requirements (EWR)
			Overall Methodology
		Results and Discussion
			Calibration Results
			Performance of CanESM2 in the Historic Data Simulating
			Future Climate Change Outputs
			Q80 Index (FL Approach)
			Low-Flow Frequency Analysis in the Future Period
			Environmental Water Requirement and Other Low-Flow Characteristics
		Limitations of the Study
		Recommendations
		Conclusions
		References
Part II: Climate Change and Contemporary Issues, Challenges and Sustainability
	Chapter 5: Climate Change Impact on Land Degradation and Soil Erosion in Hilly and Mountainous Landscape: Sustainability Issue...
		Introduction
		Land Degradation
		Soil Erosion
			Factors Affecting Water Erosion
			Soil Erosion Types and Characteristics
			Field and Laboratory Estimation Methods
			Soil Erosion Models
				Empirical Model
				Physically Based Model
				Conceptual Models
				Hybrid Models
			Soil Carbon Models
		Climate Change
			Climate Models
			Emission Scenarios
			Downscaling
		Soil Erosion and Climate Change
		Sustainability Issues
		Adaptation Strategies/Approaches
		Modelling Climate Change Impact on Soil Erosion in Himalayan Watershed: Case Study
			Chamba (Mid-Himalayas)
				Experimental Site
				Method of Approach
				Salient Findings
			Hamirpur (Shivalik Himalayas)
				Experimental Site
				Method of Approach
				Salient Findings
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Vulnerability Assessment of the Inherent Hazards of Climate Change on the Coastal Environment of the Mahanadi Delta...
		Introduction
		Review of Literature
		Study Area and Its Coastal Hazards
		Materials and Methods
			Methodology and Database
				Coastal Hazard Wheel (CHW) Model
				Data Layers and Digital Analysis
		Results and Discussion
			Bio-geophysical Characterization of Odisha Coast Based on CHW Model
				Geological and Geomorphological Layout
				Wave Exposure
				Range of Tide
				Flora and Fauna
				Sediment Balance
				Storm Climate
		The Inherent Hazard Levels of Ecosystem Disruption and Environmental Degradation
		Hazard Assessment of Coastal Environment at Regional Level
		Summary and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Climate Change of Jalgaon District (M.S.), India, Using GIS Techniques
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Study Area: Jalgaon District
			Objectives
			Methodology
			Sources of Data
				Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency (GSDA), Jalgaon
				WorldClim
				Landsat 8
		Results and Discussion
			Observation of Groundwater Over 2 Decades
			Parameter Identification and Expert Opinion Survey
			LULC Map
			Buffer from Built-Up Area
			Buffer from Major Roads
			Slope
			Average Groundwater Level
			Net Groundwater Recharge
			Drainage Density
			Rainfall
			Groundwater Vulnerability Index
		Limitations
		Recommendations
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Impact of Climate Change on Water Crisis in Gujarat (India)
		Introduction
		Drought Scenario in Gujarat
			Groundwater Resources in Gujarat
		Objectives
		Data Source
		Methodology
		Results
			Change in Groundwater Level
			Temporal and Spatial Change
			Impact of Rainfall on Groundwater Level and Groundwater Quality
			Groundwater Quality Problem
				Drinking Water Scenario
				Deterioration of Water Quality
					Correlation Between Rainfall and TDS Level
					Correlation Between (Departure in GW) Groundwater Depletion and Deterioration of Water Quality (Departure in TDS)
			Impact of Increase in Population on Groundwater
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Factors Affecting Governance Aspect of Disaster Management: Comparative Study of the Sundarbans in India and Bangla...
		Introduction
		Rationale of the Study
			Problem Statement
			Research Objectives
			Significance of the Research
		Materials and Methods
			Research Strategy
			Site Selection
			Data Collection Methods
			Data Analysis Methods
			Validity and Reliability
			Limitations
		Results and Discussion
			Site Description
			Disaster Management
			Governance Aspect of Disaster Management
				Sendai Framework
			Factors Affecting Governance Aspect of Disaster Management
			Context of the Sundarbans Across India and Bangladesh
				Context of India
				Context of Bangladesh
		Conclusions and Recommendations
			Conclusion
			Recommendations
			Further Research
		References
	Chapter 10: Application of Geospatial Technology in Seasonal Flood Hazard Event in Dhemaji District of Assam
		Introduction
		Study Area
		Rationale of the Study
		Materials and Methods
		Results and Discussion
			The Spatiotemporal Extent of Surface Water
			The Main Flood-Causing Factor
			Visualizing the Recent Seasonal Flood Events
			Assessing the Impact of Recent Seasonal Flood Events
		Limitations of the Study
		Recommendations
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Geospatial Approach in Watershed Vulnerability to Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability
		Introduction
		Watershed: Natural Unit for Management of Natural Resources
		Watershed Processes
			Runoff Generation Processes
			Soil Erosion Processes, Sediment and Nutrient Loss
			Watershed Services
		Watershed Vulnerability
		Watershed Vulnerability Evaluation Methods
		Watershed Sensitivity and Sustainability
		Climate Change Impact on Watershed Vulnerability
		Geospatial Modelling in Assessing Watershed Vulnerability
			Hydrological Models
			Erosion (Including Nutrient Loss) and Watershed Services Modelling
		Watershed Development and Environmental Sustainability
		A Case Study: Watershed Vulnerability Assessment in a Watershed of Shivalik Region, India
			Experimental Site
			Methodology
			Discussion and Inferences
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Agriculture and Forestry and Climate Change
	Chapter 12: Agro-climatic Variability in Climate Change Scenario: Adaptive Approach and Sustainability
		Introduction
			Global Agriculture Scenario
			Indian Agricultural Scenario
		Agro-climatic Zones (ACZs)
			Global Perspective
			ACZs in India
				Brief Description of the ACZs
		Climate Change Scenario
		Climate Change Predictions and Projections
		Climate Change Impact on Agriculture with Reference to India
			Direct Impacts
				Crop Yield and Productivity
				Soil Productivity and Soil Health
			Indirect Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
				Change in Rainfall and Temperature
				Increase in Natural Hazards (Flood, Drought, Fire, etc.)
				Reduction in Water Resources
				Increased Disease and Pest Infestation
				Biodiversity Losses
		Adaptation Measures for Combating Climate Change Effects: Climate-Proofing Measures
			Agronomic Practices
			Soil Management
			Water Management and Improving Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
			Climate-Resilient Crop Varieties
			Agroforestry Systems
			Precision Farming/Digital Agriculture
			ICT Applications
		Agriculture Sustainability and Climate Change
		Geospatial Variability in LGP
			Climate Change and Geospatial Analysis for Crop Suitability
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Peri-urban Farmers´ Perception of Climate Change: Values and Perspectives - A French Case Study
		Introduction
		Material and Method
			Rouen Metropole: A Case Study
			Questionnaire Design and Survey
		The Analysis
		Results
			Values and Attitudes Analysis: PCA
				Perceptions Toward Climate Change
			CA
		The Resilient
			The Negativist
			The Regulation Skeptics
			The Independent
			The Peri-urban Stewards
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		Appendix: Supplementary Material (Fig. 13.8)
		References
	Chapter 14: Determinants and Spatio-Temporal Drivers of Agricultural Vulnerability to Climate Change at Block Level, Darjeelin...
		Introduction
		Datasets and Methodology
			Area of Interest
			Datasets and Processing Methods
			Analysis of the Crop Diversification
			Construction of Agricultural Vulnerability Index
				Indicators Assortment and Quantification
				Normalisation of Indicators
				Weights Assignment to Indicators
				Identification of Regional Vulnerability Drivers and Indexing
		Results and Discussion
			Crop Diversification Evaluation and Characteristics
			Explanation of the AVI
			Categorisation of Regional Agricultural Vulnerability Drivers
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Forest Landscape Dynamic and People´s Livelihood Dependency on Forest: A Study on Bankura District, West Bengal
		Introduction
		Study Area
		Material and Methodology (Fig. 15.2)
		Result and Discussion
			Spatio-Temporal Changes in Forest Cover
			Forest Fragmentation
			People´s Perception on Forest Fragmentation
			People´s Perception of Forest Changes and Their Livelihood
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Forest Fire Risk Modeling Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Major Landscapes of Himachal Pradesh
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Independent Variable
				Slope
				Elevation
				Aspect
				Land Use and Land Cover
				Land Surface Temperature
				Proximity to Drainage, Roads, and Settlement
			Dependent Variables
				Fire Incidents and Burned Area
				Time Series Analysis
			Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
			Assigning Weights to the Variables Using the AHP Model
			Determining Fire Risk Model
			Model Validation
		Results and Discussion
		Challenges and Limitations
		Conclusion
		Appendix (Table 16.7)
		References
Part IV: Food Security and Livelihoods
	Chapter 17: Climate-Smart Agriculture Interventions for Food and Nutritional Security
		Introduction
		Climate Change Vulnerability and Indian Agriculture
		Climate-Smart Agriculture and Enhanced Agricultural Productivity
			Water-Smart Technologies
			Energy-Smart Technologies
			Nutrient-Smart Technologies
			Carbon-Smart Technologies
			Weather-Smart Technologies
			Knowledge-Smart Technologies
		Evidence on Climate-Smart Agriculture on Increased Welfare
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Critical Appraisal and Evaluation of India´s First Carbon Neutral Community Project - A Case of Meenangadi Panchay...
		Introduction
			Paris Agreement and Carbon-Neutral Missions
			Indian States and Decarburization Pathway
		Rationale of the Study
		Background Study
			Conceptualization of the Project
			The Setting of the Study
			Land Use Details
		Methodology
		Critical Appraisal
			Baseline Assessment and Recommendations
			Sector-Wise Critical Appraisal
			Project Outreach
		Lessons from National and International Case Studies
		Futuristic Vision and Way Forward for India
		Conclusion
		References
Part V: Infrastructure and Resilient Cities and Settlements
	Chapter 19: Land Use and Land Cover Change Dynamics and Modeling Future Urban Growth Using Cellular Automata Model Over Isfaha...
		Introduction
		Study Area
		Data and Methods
			Data and Image Pre-processing
			Supervised Classification
			Processing the Training Points
			Cellular Automata (C.A.)-Based Urban Growth Modeling
			Parameters Used for Urban Growth Modeling
		Results
			Validation Assessment
			LULC Change Detection
				Gains and Losses of Different Land Cover Types
				Decadal Change of Each Land Use/Cover Class
			Analysis of LULC in Each of the Classes
				Changes in Built Area
				Changes in Vegetation
				Changes in Bare Land
				Changes in Water Bodies
			Future Prediction
				Validation of the Model
				Future Urban Growth
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Analysing Spatio-temporal Changes in Land Surface Temperature of Coastal Goa Using LANDSAT Satellite Data
		Introduction
		Objectives
		Study Area
		Materials and Methods
			Top of Atmospheric Radiance
			For Landsat 5 (TM) and Landsat 7(ETM+)
			For Landsat 8 (OLI and TIRS)
			Top of Atmospheric Brightness Temperature
			Rectification of at Sensor Temperature Through Emissivity Correction
			Determination of NDVI
			Determination of Land Surface Temperature with Emissivity Correction (Weng et al. 2004)
		Results and Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 21: Analysing the Relationship Between Rising Urban Heat Islands and Climate Change of Howrah Sadar Subdivision in the...
		Introduction
		Review of Literature
		Datasets and Method
			Howrah Sadar Subdivision - Study Area
			Datasets
			Determination of LST
			Determination of Land Cover Indices
		Findings
			Temperature Variation in Howrah Sadar Subdivision
			LST vs. Land Cover Indices
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 22: Assessment of Site Suitability of Wastelands for Solar Power Plants Installation in Rangareddy District, Telangana...
		Introduction
		Energy Scenario in India
		Study Area Description
		Materials and Methods
			Methods
				Preparation of Database
				Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
				Weight Assignments Through Saaty´s AHP Method
				Suitable Site Selection
		Results and Discussion
			Suitable Areas
			Expected Impact on Economic Landscape Toward Strengthening the Sustainable Development
			Key Challenges
		Scope and Recommendations
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 23: Integrated Study on Tsunami Impact Assessment in Cilacap, Indonesia: Method, Approach, and Practice
		Introduction
		Data and Method
			Pilot Sites
			Data
			Research Framework
			Tsunami Inundation
			Vulnerability Analysis
				Selection of Vulnerability Parameter
				Standardization of Vulnerability Parameter
				Estimating Weights
				Aggregation of Vulnerability Parameter
			Risk Analysis
			Human and Economic Impact Analysis
			Tsunami Countermeasure
				Temporary Evacuation Shelters
				Evacuation Routes
		Result
			Tsunami Wave Height and Magnitude in Indonesia Throughout the History
			Tsunami Inundation
			Tsunami Vulnerability Analysis
				Human Vulnerability
				Economic Vulnerability
			Tsunami Risk Analysis
		Discussion
			Evacuation Plan
			Recommendations
		Conclusions
		Appendices
		References
	Chapter 24: The Public Health Risks of Waterborne Pathogen Exposure Under a Climate Change Scenario in Indonesia
		Introduction
		Data and Methodology
			Study Area
			Research Framework
			Flood Simulation
			Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA)
			Workshop
		Result
			Urban Flooding
			Waterborne Infectious Diseases
			Adaptation Option
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 25: Perceived Impact of Climate Change on Health: Reflections from Kolkata and Its Suburbs
		Introduction
		Rationale Behind the Study
		Materials and Methods
			Sample Population
			Data
			Statistical Analysis
				Correlation Matrix
				ANOVA
				Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
				Software
		Results and Discussions
			Descriptive Analysis of the Respondents
			Changes in Climatic Conditions as Perceived by the Respondents
			Impact of Climate Change on Physical Health
			Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health
			Assumed Impact of Climate Change on Future
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Global Health, Sustainable and Adaptive Approaches and Sustainability
	Chapter 26: Health Implications, Leaders Societies, and Climate Change: A Global Review
		Introduction
			Human Health, Awareness, and Climate Change
			Emerging Climate Change Challenges
			Human Sustainability and Adaptive Approaches
			The Role of Leadership Is Social Psychology during Climate Change
		The Rationale of the Study
		Materials and Methods
		Results and Discussion
		Limitations of the Study
		Recommendations
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 27: A Retrospective Cohort Study on Ambient Air Quality and Respiratory Morbidities
		Introduction
		Rationale
		Cohort Study
		Material and Methods
			Study Population
			Data Collected
			Cohort Modeling Strategy
		Experimentation
		Results and Discussion
			Modeling Options
			Analysis
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		References
			Web References
	Chapter 28: Coping Practices of Women Fisherfolk in Responses to Climate Change at UNESCO Declared World Heritage Site of Sund...
		Introduction
		Limitation of the Study
		Methodology
		Results and Discussion
			Changing of Climate Parameters and Sundarban Resources
			Women of Sundarbans Small-Scale Fisheries- Valuing the Invisible
			The Invertebrate Gleaners
				The Fry Collectors or Meendhar
				The Crab Collectors and Fatteners
				The Fish Dryer
		Future Perspectives
			Ecosystem-Based Approach
			Built Environment Approach
			Institutional or Policy-Based Approach
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 29: Climate Change and Health Impacts in the South Pacific: A Systematic Review
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Conceptual Frame Work
		Results and Discussion
			Tropical Cyclones or Hurricanes
			Climate and Diseases in the Pacific
			Health and Happiness: Tangible and Mental Welfare
			Pacific People and Their Public Health
				Human Life Expectancy
			COP 26: Health and Climate Resolution for Future
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 30: Changing Climate, Flood Footprints, and Climate-Related Actions: Effects on Ecosocial and Health Risks Along Ugbow...
		Introduction
		Climate-Related Actions, Community Involvement and Participation in Nigeria
		Study Area
		Materials and Methods
		Results
		Discussion
			A Young Population
			Ecosocial Risks of Flooding
		Environmental Risks
		Health Risks
		Nigerian National Policy on Climate Change
		Conclusion
		References
Index