Ecological causal assessment

 Content: Introduction and Philosophical Foundation Introduction, Susan B. Norton, Susan M. Cormier, and Glenn W. Suter II What is a Cause? Glenn W. Suter II How Have Causes Been Identified? Glenn W. Suter II and Susan M. Cormier Characteristics and Evidence of Causation, Susan M. Cormier, Glenn W. Suter II, and Susan B. Norton Human Cognition and Causal Assessment, Susan B. Norton and Leela Rao  Conducting Causal Assessments Our Approach for Identifying Causes, Susan M. Cormier, Susan B. Norton, and Glenn W. Suter II    Part 2A Formulating the Problem Defining the Case, Susan B. Norton and Glenn W. Suter II Listing Candidate Causes, Susan B. Norton, Kate Schofield, Glenn W. Suter II, and Susan M. Cormier  Part 2B Deriving Evidence   Case-Specific Observations: Assembling and Exploring Data, Susan B. Norton and Michael G. McManus Case-Specific Observations: Deriving Evidence, Susan B. Norton, David Farrar, and Michael Griffith Regional Observational Studies: Assembling and Exploring Data, Jeroen Gerritsen, Lester L. Yuan, Patricia Shaw-Allen,    and David Farrar Regional Observational Studies: Deriving Evidence, Jeroen Gerritsen, Lester L. Yuan, Patricia Shaw-Allen, and Susan M. Cormier Regional Observational Studies: Addressing Confounding, David Farrar, Laurie C. Alexander, Lester L. Yuan, and Jeroen Gerritsen Assessment-Specific Field Study Designs and Methods, Robert B. Brua, Joseph M. Culp, and Alexa C. Alexander Laboratory Experiments and Microcosms, Alexa C. Alexander, Joseph M. Culp, and Robert B. Brua Mesocosm Studies, Joseph M. Culp, Alexa C. Alexander, and Robert B. Brua Symptoms, Body Burdens, and Biomarkers, Glenn W. Suter II Simulation Models, Glenn W. Suter II  Part 2C Forming Conclusions and Using the Findings Forming Causal Conclusions, Glenn W. Suter II, Susan M. Cormier, and Susan B. Norton Communicating the Findings, Susan M. Cormier After the Causal Assessment: Using the Findings, Susan B. Norton, Scot E. Hagerthey, and Glenn W. Suter II  Case Studies Causal Assessment in a Complex Urban Watershed-The Long Creek Case Studyn C. Richard Ziegler and Susan B. Norton The Clear Fork Watershed Case Study: The Value of State Monitoring Programs, Lei Zheng, Jeroen Gerritsen, and Susan M. Cormier The Northern River Basins Study and the Athabasca River: The Value of Experimental Approaches in a Weight-of-Evidence Assessment, Alexa C. Alexander, Patricia A. Chambers, Robert B. Brua, and Joseph M. Culp Applying CADDIS to a Terrestrial Case: San Joaquin Kit Foxes on an Oil Field, Glenn W. Suter II and Thomas P. O'Farrell Glossary References List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Index