Earth's Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography From the Atomic to the Global Scale

Title Page\r......Page 3
Copyright\r......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
Preface\r......Page 6
INTRODUCTION......Page 8
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 10
2. TOMOGRAPHY-BASED MODELS OF LAYERED AND WHOLE-MANTLE CONVECTION......Page 13
2.1. A New Formulation of Buoyancy-Induced MantleFlow......Page 14
2.2. Implications of Layered and Whole-Mantle Flow on Inferences of Mantle Viscosity......Page 16
2.3. Some Geodynamic Implications......Page 25
3.1. A New Technique for Testing Layered Convection......Page 32
3.2. A Layered-Flow Model......Page 33
3.3. Implications of Layered Flow for Seismic Anisotropy......Page 36
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 38
REFERENCES......Page 40
INTRODUCTION......Page 44
ELEMENTS OF DYNAMO THEORY......Page 46
Kinematic Dynamos......Page 48
CONVECTION IN THE OUTER CORE......Page 50
Convective Dynamo......Page 53
THERMAL EVOLUTION OF THE CORE......Page 55
Growth of the Inner Core......Page 57
Energy Supply for the Geodynamo......Page 59
DYNAMICS OF THE INNER CORE......Page 61
Convection in the Inner Core......Page 62
Deformation of the Inner Core......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 65
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 70
2. THERMODYNAMIC BACKGROUND......Page 71
3.1. Body Wave Travel Times......Page 72
3.3. Surface Waves......Page 75
3.4. Mode Structure Coefficients......Page 76
4. A HIGH-RESOLUTION INVERSION FOR SHEAR VELOCITY......Page 78
5.1. Constrained Inversions......Page 81
5.2. Unconstrained Inversions......Page 82
5.3. Comparison With Other Models......Page 83
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 91
REFERENCES......Page 92
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 95
2. RAY GEOMETRY......Page 97
3.1 Radial Variations......Page 100
4.NORMAL MODE CONSTRAINTS ON ANISOTROPY......Page 105
5. INNER CORE ROTATION......Page 106
6. A SPECULATIVE MODEL OF THE INNER CORE......Page 111
7. SHEAR WAVE OBSERVATIONS......Page 112
8. DISCUSSION......Page 114
9. CONCLUSIONS......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 117
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 121
2. OBSERVING U P P E R MANTLE DISCONTINUITIES......Page 122
3. AVERAGE DISCONTINUITY DEPTHS......Page 124
4. DISCONTINUITY TOPOGRAPHY......Page 125
5. DISCONTINUITY SHARPNESS......Page 128
6. DISCONTINUITY AMPLITUDES......Page 129
7. DISCUSSION......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 133
INTRODUCTION......Page 138
Symmetry Classes......Page 140
WAVE PROPAGATION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA......Page 141
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF FLOW-INDUCED SEISMIC ANISOTROPY: AN EXAMPLE......Page 144
ANISOTROPY DUE TO ORIENTED INCLUSIONS......Page 146
CONTINENTAL UPPER MANTLE AND SUBDUCTION ZONES......Page 149
OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE AND SPREADING CENTRES......Page 152
THE LOWERMOST-MANTLE BOUNDARY-LAYER......Page 153
Constraints on the origin of D\" anisotropy......Page 155
DISCUSSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 165
2. EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS AND PHYSICAL MECHANISMS FOR ATTENUATION IN THE EARTH\'S MANTLE......Page 166
3. ONE DIMENSIONAL MODELS OF ATTENUATION IN THE EARTH......Page 167
4. ABSORPTION BAND MODEL......Page 170
5. LATERAL VARIATIONS OF ATTENUATION IN THE MANTLE......Page 171
6.1. Depth and frequency dependence......Page 174
REFERENCES......Page 178
INTRODUCTION......Page 184
STATE OF THE ART IN LABORATORY STUDIES OF ELASTICITY OF MINERALS......Page 185
ELASTICITY DATA AT ELEVATED PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES......Page 187
Upper Mantle......Page 192
Transition Zone......Page 193
Lower Mantle......Page 195
CONCLUSION......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 199
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 203
2.1. First Principles Level......Page 204
2.2. Ab Initio Level......Page 205
2.3. Semi-Empirical Level......Page 206
3. ELASTICITY AT HIGH PRESSURE......Page 208
3.1. Anisotropy......Page 210
4. ELASTICITY AT HIGH TEMPERATRE AND PRESSURE......Page 212
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 213
REFERENCES......Page 214
INTRODUCTION......Page 216
Phase Relations and Element Partitioning......Page 218
Factors Affecting 410 Discontinuity......Page 219
Volume Fractions of Phases......Page 220
Fine Structure of 410......Page 221
Lateral Variations......Page 223
Mineral Physics Data......Page 224
660 KM DEPTH AND PEROVSKITE FORMINGTRANSFORMATIONS......Page 225
Clapeyron Slopes......Page 226
CONCLUSION......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 234
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 237
2.1 Upper Mantle......Page 240
2.3 Lower Mantle......Page 243
3. ESTIMATION OF ANISOTROPIC POLYCRYSTALLINE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 248
4. THE CALCULATION OF ANISOTROPIC SEISMIC PROPERTIES......Page 250
5. CRYSTAL PREFERRED ORIENTATION AND SEISMIC ANISOTROPY OF THE MANTLE......Page 252
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 260
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 265
2. BACKGROUND: VISCOELASTICITY, THE CREEP FUNCTION AND DYNAMIC COMPLIANCE......Page 266
Torsional Forced Oscillation Techniques......Page 267
Low-carbon Iron Alloys......Page 271
Synthetic Fogo Olivine Poly crystals......Page 275
Silicate Perovskite Analogue CaTiO3......Page 279
General Characteristics of the High Temperature Internal Friction Background\'......Page 280
The Role of Internal Stress......Page 281
The Agents of Viscoelastic Deformation......Page 282
6. APPLICATION TO SEISMOLOGICAL MODELS FOR THE EARTH\'S INTERIOR......Page 284
Extrapolation of Grainsize-Sensitive Behaviour to Mantle Grainsizes......Page 285
Viscoelastic Enhancement of \\dG/dT\\: a Complementary Approach......Page 286
The Effects of Elastic Anisotropy and Inter-phase Heterogeneity......Page 287
REFERENCES......Page 288