Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code

Earth Processes: Reading the ISotopic Code......Page 1
Geophysical Monograph Series......Page 2
GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES......Page 3
Earth Processes:Reading the Isotopic Code......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
The Mantle and Its Melting Products......Page 10
Untangling Crustal Congeries......Page 11
Soils, Seawater and Standards......Page 12
A Tribute to Mitsunobu Tatsumoto and George Tilton, Our Preeminent Heroes of Pb Isotope Geochemistry......Page 14
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 18
3.1. DuchesneIVA......Page 20
3.3. IVB and Anomalous Irons......Page 23
3.6. Tocopilla IIA......Page 24
3.9. Other Stony Iron Meteorites......Page 25
4.1 Pd-Ag Systematics......Page 26
4.2. Formation Time Differences......Page 27
4.3 The Cosmochemistry of Pd and Ag and the Formation of Iron Meteorites with High Pd/Ag......Page 30
4.4 Comparison between 107pd and 53Mn......Page 33
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 38
3. EXPERIMENTAL......Page 39
4.2 Noble gas compositions in the Y-75097,104......Page 40
5.1. Degassing c haracteristics of noble gases during a shock event......Page 42
5.2. Characteristic Kr and Xe isotopic ratios......Page 44
5.3. Constraints on the formation history of the clast and the host meteorite Y- 75097......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 47
INTRODUCTION......Page 49
Iron......Page 50
Trace Siderophile Elements......Page 51
V. Cr and Mn......Page 52
Refractory Elements......Page 53
Siderophile Elements......Page 54
Moderately Volatile Elements......Page 55
THE TEKTITE ANALOGUE......Page 56
THE SOLAR NEBULA AND POSSIBLE COMPOSITIONS FOR THE IMPACTOR......Page 57
SUMMARY......Page 59
REFERENCES......Page 60
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 63
2.1. Extinct systems......Page 64
2.3. Chemical fractionations......Page 65
2. 4. Bulk solar and Earth evolution......Page 67
2.5. The mean age concept applied to extinct nuclides......Page 72
3.2. Two-stage model......Page 74
3.2. Continuous model......Page 76
4.1. Conventional view or "runaway" accretion......Page 77
5.1. Two-stage model......Page 78
7. COUPLED 146,147Sm-142'143Nd ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS AND MODELS OF SILICATE DIFFERENTIATION......Page 79
7.1. Two-stagem......Page 80
7.3. The last big merger event in the accretion history ofthe Earth......Page 81
7. 4. The early Archean and Hadean crusts and the natureof the early enriched reservoir......Page 82
8. RECYCLING AND THE ONSET OF PLATE TECTONICS......Page 83
9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 87
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 91
2. PREVIOUS WORK......Page 92
3.1. Pb Depletion Factor......Page 93
3.2. Volatilization......Page 94
4. ACCRETION DYNAMICS AND CORE FORMATION......Page 95
5.2. The Basic Equations......Page 96
5.3. Case 1: Linear u......Page 97
5.6. Comparison......Page 98
5.7. Some Inferences......Page 99
6.2. Results for Terrestrial Reservoirs Today......Page 100
6.3. Results for Ancient Terrestrial Reservoirs......Page 103
7. VOLATILE LOSS OR CORE FORMATION?......Page 104
7.1. Moderately Siderophile and Chalcophile Elements......Page 105
7.2. Volatile Loss During Accretion......Page 106
8. MEANING OF THE "AGE OF THE EARTH"......Page 108
8.2. Growth of the Earth......Page 109
10. CONCLUSIONS......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 111
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 115
2.1. The Differentiation of the Core......Page 116
2.2. The Differentiation of the Continental Crust......Page 118
3.1. The Parent/Daughter Isotopes Diagrams Systematic......Page 119
3.2. Isotope Correlation Diagrams......Page 120
4. CONCLUSIONS AND QUESTIONS......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 122
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 125
2.1. Starting Material......Page 126
2.2. Experimentaal Tecchnique......Page 127
3.1. Determination of melt fraction......Page 128
3.2. Compositional variations of partial melts as a function of degree of melting......Page 131
3.3. Residual crystalline phases......Page 132
4. DISCUSSION......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 136
2. SAMPLES AND TECHNIQUES......Page 139
3.1. MK92-16 picrite......Page 140
3.3. KHX-1......Page 142
4.1. Olivine/melt partitioning......Page 143
4.2. Sulfide/Melt Partitioning......Page 145
Lherzolite KHX-1......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 148
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 151
2. SAMPLES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 152
3. RESULTS......Page 153
4. DISCUSSION......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 161
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 164
2. GEOLOGICAL AND VOLCANOLOGICAL SETTING AND PETROCHEMISTRY OF BASALTS ANALYZED......Page 165
3. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 166
4. SR and ND-ISOTOPES IN HAWAIIAN LEEWARD ISLANDS......Page 168
5. KOOLAU-LANAI-KAHOOLAWE ISOTOPIC ANOMALY......Page 170
6. MOLOKAI FRACTURE ZONE AND ORIGINOF THE KOOLAU-LANAI-KAHOOLAWE ANOMALY......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 173
INTRODUCTION......Page 175
STRATIGRAPHY AND SAMPLING......Page 176
Major Elements......Page 177
Trace Elements......Page 184
Sr, Nd and Pb Isotopes......Page 187
DISCUSSION: TEMPORAL GEOCHEMICALVARIATIONS OF KILAUEA LAVAS......Page 188
DISCUSSION: INTERSHIELD GEOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 193
INTRODUCTION......Page 196
Trace Element Analyses......Page 198
RESULTS......Page 199
Data Filters......Page 204
Factor Analysis......Page 208
NATURE OF THE SOCIETY ISLANDS MANTLESOURCES......Page 213
VOLCANIC EVOLUTION OF THE SOCIETY ISLANDS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIETY MANTLE PLUME......Page 216
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 220
2. GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS OF NE PACIFICVOLCANIC ROCKS......Page 221
3. MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS......Page 224
4. ISOTOPE-TRACE ELEMENT SYSTEMATICS......Page 226
5.1. Mantle Sources......Page 228
5.2. Partial Melting Of Hydrous Mantle......Page 230
5.3. Evidence For A Third Isotopic Component InAlkaline IP Lavas......Page 232
5.4. Isotopic Constraints On The Age And Origin Of Mantle Sources......Page 233
5.5. Isotopic Composition And Mantle Components......Page 235
5.6. Distribution Of Enriched Domains Within The Sub-NE Pacific Mantle......Page 236
5.7. Mantle Flow And The Origin Of Near-Ridge Seamount Magmas......Page 237
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 238
REFERENCES......Page 239
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 245
2.1 The initial assembly of southeast Asia......Page 247
3.3. Chanthaburi-Trat Basalts......Page 249
5.1. Mass Spectrometry......Page 250
6.1. Major- and Trace-Element Concentrations and Patterns......Page 251
6.2. Isotopic Compositions......Page 256
7.2. Significance of the Sr and Nd Isotopic Variations......Page 259
7.4. A case for a source less depleted than the source for Central Indian Ridge MORB......Page 260
8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
Petrogenesis of Italian Alkaline Lavas Deduced From Pb-Sr-Nd Isotope Relationships......Page 265
INTRODUCTION......Page 266
Regional Variability......Page 269
Heterogeneity of Source Regions at Local Scales......Page 271
DISCUSSION......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 276
INTRODUCTION......Page 280
ENRICHED MANTLE-DERIVED MAFIC MAGMATISM IN CENTRAL EUROPE......Page 282
THE GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THECENTRAL EUROPEAN ENRICHED MANTLE......Page 283
THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE......Page 284
REFERENCES......Page 285
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 288
2.1. Geology and Tectonic......Page 289
2.2. Petrology and Magma Chamber Evolution......Page 290
3. SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS......Page 291
4.1. Trace Element Variations......Page 292
4.2. Nd and Sr Isotope Data......Page 294
5.1. Assimilation in the Muskox Intrusion......Page 298
5.2. Crystallization Sequence......Page 299
5.3. Origin of Granophyre......Page 300
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 302
INTRODUCTION......Page 304
CONCENTRATION DATA......Page 306
LEAD ISOTOPES......Page 309
SOME REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 312
DISCUSSION AND TECTONIC MODEL......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 314
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 317
2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING......Page 318
4.1. Garnet-peridotitIe and 2......Page 319
4.2 Garnet-pyroxenit1e a nd 2......Page 324
4.3 Eclogite......Page 328
4.4 Leucosome of a migmatitic orthogneiss......Page 329
4.5 Pegmatite......Page 331
5. DISCUSSION OF THE TERTIARY P-T-t LOOP......Page 332
7. GEOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 338
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 340
3.1. Fine-grained, sugary pyrope quartzite......Page 341
4.1. Pyrope quartzites......Page 342
4.3. Phengite schist......Page 347
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 348
REFERENCES......Page 350
INTRODUCTION......Page 352
U-Pb Results oeor Levack Gneiss and Murray Granite Zircons: Correlated Impact Features and U-Pb Discordance......Page 356
U-Pb Results [or Onaping Formation Basal Breccia Fluidal Glass Zircon......Page 357
DISCUSSION OF IMPACT-INDUCED U-PbDISCORDANCE......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 361
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 363
2.1. Reverse Discordance: "Conventional" Studies......Page 364
3. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES......Page 365
4.1. Cretaceous Sierran Pluton Sample......Page 366
4.2. Proterozoic Mount Evans Batholith Sample......Page 369
5.2. Oscillatory Zoning in Zircons: a Model......Page 371
6.1. Internal Reverse Discordance......Page 374
6.2. External Reverse Discordance......Page 375
REFERENCES......Page 376
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 379
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES......Page 380
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 383
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 385
4. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 386
8.1. Evidence of plagioclase weathering in the watershedas a whole......Page 387
8.2. Relative plagioclase enrichment and K-feldspar depletionin the soils of the watershed......Page 391
8.3. Composition of the soil solution in soils of the watershed......Page 394
REFERENCES......Page 395
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 398
2.1 Imini, Morocco......Page 400
2.2 Molango, Mexico......Page 401
4.1 Imini, Morocco......Page 402
4.2 Molango, Mexico......Page 404
5.1 Imini, Morocco......Page 405
5.2 Molango, Mexico......Page 407
5.3 Mineralogical control of Sr/Ba......Page 408
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 409
REFERENCES......Page 413
1.1. Hidaka High Mountain Ecosystem......Page 416
II. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 417
2.2. Oreanic Samples......Page 418
III. SAMPLE COLLECTIONS AND DATA......Page 419
3.1. Hidaka High Mountain Ecosystem......Page 421
3.3. Ozegahara High Mountain Moor......Page 423
3.4. Urban Emissions Outside Periphery of Hidaka Mountains......Page 424
4.1. Temporal Increases of Metal Concentrations in Tree Rines......Page 425
4.3. Accumulation of Industrial Metals in HiuhMountain Soil Humus and Peat......Page 431
4.4. Contributions from Distant Sources of Volcanic Fumes and Soil Dusts......Page 432
VI. REFERENCES......Page 433
INTRODUCTION......Page 435
PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION OF 202PB AND 205PB SPIKE......Page 436
CALIBRATION OF THE 202pb/20P5b SPIKE RATIO......Page 437
A TEST OF DOUBLE-SPIKED LEAD ANALYSIS THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF SRM 981......Page 440
COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS DOUBLE SPIKEMETHODS......Page 441
* DEDICATED TO PROF. G. TILTON ON OCCASION OF HIS 70TH BIRTHDAY......Page 442
REFERENCES......Page 443