Earth at Risk in the 21st Century: Rethinking Peace, Environment, Gender, and Human, Water, Health, Food, Energy Security, and Migration

Foreword
	Human, Gender and Environmental Security
	The Sustainability Transition
	Engendered Positive, Sustainable and Culturally Diverse Peace
	References
Preface
	References
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
Texts on Peace, Gender, Environment and Security
1 Contextualisation on Gender, Peace, Security and Environment
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Structure of the Book
		1.2.1 Organisation of This Chapter
	1.3 Gender, Peace, Security and Environment
	1.4 Studies on Deepening, Widening and Sectorialising Security
		1.4.1 Securitisation
		1.4.2 Widening Towards Environmental, Economic and Societal Security
		1.4.3 Deepening Human and Gender Security
		1.4.4 Sectorialisation of Water, Food, Climate and Energy Security
	1.5 Regional Impacts and Environmental-Induced Migration
	1.6 Neoliberal Oligarchy or Transition Towards ‘Buen Vivir’
	References
2 On Peace and Security
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 New Challenges for Peace and Security 	in the 21st Century
	References
3 Peace and Sustainability in a Globalised World
	3.1 Introductory Remarks
	3.2 Sustainable, Equal and Diverse Development Processes
		3.2.1 Regional Development and Sustainability
		3.2.2 The Sustainability Challenge
	3.3 Medium-Term Goals
	3.4 Where Should We Put Our Best Effort to Achieve a Better Future?
	References
4 Ahimsa and Human Development: A Different Paradigm for Peace, Security and Conflict Resolution
	4.1 Introductory Remarks
	4.2 Armed Terror, Militarism and Ahimsa
	4.3 Sustainability and Natural Resources for Peace and Conflict
		4.3.1 Climate Change and Its Impacts
		4.3.2 Water and Soil as a Conflict Potential
		4.3.3 Sustainable Development Policies for Peace-Building
	4.4 Free Market, Income, Trade and Equity
		4.4.1 Global Finances
		4.4.2 Trade Blocks
		4.4.3 Foreign and Internal Debts
	4.5 Social Justice and Democracy
		4.5.1 Poverty
		4.5.2 Consumption, Youth and Gender
		4.5.3 Urbanisation
		4.5.4 Malnutrition and Food Security
		4.5.5 Basic Needs Produces a Sustainable, Peaceful Security
	4.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
5 On Environmental Security and Global Environmental Change
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Evolution of the Concept
		5.2.1 Phase 1: Wars and Military Pollution
		5.2.2 Phase 2: Scarcity of Natural Resources and Conflicts
		5.2.3 Phase 3: Climate Change and Global Environmental Change as Environmental Stressors for Conflicts and Migration
		5.2.4 Phase 4: Conflict Resolution, Mitigation, Adaptation and Resilience for Achieving Environmental Security with a HUGE Security
	5.3 Global Threats to Environmental Security
		5.3.1 Population Growth and Urbanisation
		5.3.2 Ecosystem Deterioration
		5.3.3 Climate Change
		5.3.4 Global Environmental Change
	5.4 Outlook: Where Are We Now After the Paris Agreement?
	References
6 Ecology and Threats to Human Survival
	6.1 Introduction: Ecology Threatened
	6.2 Clean Air
	6.3 Fresh Water and Sanitation
		6.3.1 Surface Water and Sanitation
		6.3.2 Groundwater
		6.3.3 Water Footprint and Virtual Water
	6.4 Soil and Desertification
	6.5 Biodiversity Loss
	6.6 Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being
	6.7 Alternative Knowledge, Wisdom and Behaviour for Integrated Environment: Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EbA)
		6.7.1 Wisdom and Science for Changes in Human Behaviour
		6.7.2 Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
	References
7 Water Conflicts, Megalopolises and Hydrodiplomacy
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Water Conflicts
		7.1.2 Megalopolis
		7.1.3 Hydrodiplomacy
	7.2 Conflicts Over Natural Resources
		7.2.1 Water Conflicts
		7.2.2 Mining
		7.2.3 Development Projects: Dams, Real Estate and Tourism
	7.3 Hydrodiplomacy: A Peaceful Way to Water Conflict Resolution
		7.3.1 Hydrodiplomacy Between Mexico and the United States: A Case Study
	7.4 Some Conclusions: Water Challenges in Latin America
	References
8 Peace, Environment and Security: A Gender Perspective from the Global South
	8.1 Preliminary Remarks
	8.2 Sustainable Development Goals
	8.3 Human Security
	8.4 Gender Security
	8.5 A Feminist Critique to the Human Security Concept
	8.6 An Alternative Paradigm for Development and Peaceful Conflict Resolution
	8.7 Historical Evolution of Some Security Concepts
		8.7.1 Nation State and Social Movements
		8.7.2 Regional Alternatives and Inclusive Globalisation
	8.8 Peace, Peace Research, Peace Movements and IPRA Within Its 40 Years After Groningen
	References
9 Environmental Management in a Globalised World
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Processes of Environmental Deterioration
		9.2.1 Urbanisation
		9.2.2 Pollution of Air, Water, Soil and Climate Change
		9.2.3 Management of Natural Resources
	9.3 An Alternative Paradigm Is Urgent and Possible
	References
Texts on Gender and Human Security
10 Gender Security
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Gender and Science
	10.3 Evolution of Feminist Thinking
		10.3.1 Epistemological Feminism
		10.3.2 Feminist Empiricism
		10.3.3 Postmodern Feminism
		10.3.4 Standpoint Feminism
	10.4 Gender Security in Difficulties
	10.5 Four Pillars of Gender Security
		10.5.1 The First Pillar: Identity and Social Representation
		10.5.2 The Second Pillar: Gift Economy or Economy of Solidarity
		10.5.3 The Third Pillar: Ecofeminism Against Environmental Degradation
		10.5.4 The Fourth Pillar: Social Movements
	10.6 Gender Security: A Paradigm Shift
	References
11 On HUGE Security: Human, Gender and Environmental Security
	11.1 Addressing Global Human Security Challenges
	11.2 Dual Goals of the HUGE Security Concept
	11.3 Dual Vulnerability
	11.4 Deepening the HUGE Security Concept
	11.5 Widening Human and Gender Towards Environmental Security
	11.6 A HUGE Programme for Action
	11.7 Conclusions
	References
12 On Engendered-Sustainable Peace from a Feminist and Bottom-Up Perspective
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Conceptual Approach: Patriarchy
		12.1.2 Theoretical Framework
		12.1.3 The Historical and Political Context: The World in the Early 21st Century
	12.2 Multiple Impacts of Patriarchy
		12.2.1 The Impact of Patriarchy in the Private Sphere
		12.2.2 The Impact of Patriarchy on the Environment
		12.2.3 Engendering Peace
		12.2.4 Science and Policy for an Engendered-Sustainable Peace
		12.2.5 Research Question
		12.2.6 The Concept of an Engendered-Sustainable Peace
	12.3 Historical Evolution of Patriarchy and Regional Adaptation
	12.4 Peace Efforts, Sustainability and Gender
	12.5 Cultures of Peace and Power
	12.6 Pitfalls of Peace, Sustainability and Gender Security
	12.7 Transformation Towards an Engendered-Sustainable Peace Theory and Action
	12.8 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
13 A Gender Perspective on Climate Change
	13.1 Gender and Climate Change
	13.2 Climate Change Impacts from a Gender Perspective
	13.3 From National Security Towards a Global HUGE Security
	13.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Women and Girls
		13.4.1 Disaster Impacts with a Gender Perspective
		13.4.2 Health Impacts
		13.4.3 Food Impacts
		13.4.4 Water Security Impacts
	13.5 Some Outcomes
	References
Texts on Water, Health, Food 	and Energy Security
14 On Water Security
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Water Security Has Been a Relative Latecomer to the Conceptualisation Discourse
	14.3 Impacts of Water Security on the Sustainability Discourse
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
15 On Health and Water Security
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Objectives of the Chapter
	15.3 Water and Health Security: Widening of Security
		15.3.1 Conceptual Considerations and Clarifications
		15.3.2 Water Security
		15.3.3 Health Security
		15.3.4 Context of Globalisation
	15.4 Climate Change and Its Impacts on Health and Water Security in Mexico
		15.4.1 The PEISOR Model
		15.4.2 The Pressure in the Case of Mexico
		15.4.3 The Effects for Mexico
		15.4.4 The Environmental Impacts
		15.4.5 The Societal Outcomes
	15.5 Social Vulnerability and Climate Change Impacts
	15.6 Restoring Ecosystem Services Improves Water and Health Security
	15.7 A Global Challenge for Equity and Collaboration
		15.7.1 Widened Understanding of Health and Water Security
		15.7.2 Health and Water Security: A Complex Policy Challenge
	References
16 Agroecology for Food Sovereignty and Security
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Structure of the Chapter
		16.1.2 Research Question
	16.2 Conceptual Considerations on Food and Nutrition
	16.3 Food Security Versus Food Sovereignty
		16.3.1 Food Security
		16.3.2 Food Sovereignty
	16.4 Hunger in a World of Abundance and Waste
		16.4.1 Food Crisis and Hunger
		16.4.2 Waste of Food
	16.5 Corporate Agriculture Versus Green Agriculture
		16.5.1 Industrialised Corporate Agriculture
		16.5.2 Environmental Deterioration
		16.5.3 Green or Agroecological Agriculture
	16.6 Some Conclusive Comments
	References
17 Energy Security: Policies and Potentials in Mexico
	17.1 Introduction, Hypothesis and Contents
		17.1.1 Hypothesis
		17.1.2 Structure of the Chapter
	17.2 Energy Security: A Complex Concept
		17.2.1 Geopolitics of Oil and Oil Prices
		17.2.2 Evolution of the Concept of Energy Security
	17.3 Energy Security and Availability of Energy Resources in Mexico
		17.3.1 Energy Security in Mexico
		17.3.2 Fossil Energy Supply in Mexico
	17.4 Trinational Energy Security
	17.5 Renewable Energy Potential and Sustainability in Mexico
	17.6 Conclusions: A Future with a Sustainable Renewable Energy Transition in Mexico
	References
Texts on Migration, the Nexus among Sectorial Securities and Outlook
18 Analysing Migration and Environmental-Induced Migration with the PEISOR Model
	18.1 Introduction
		18.1.1 Research Questions
		18.1.2 Objective of the Study
		18.1.3 Conceptualisation of Environmental-Induced Migration
		18.1.4 Structure of the Chapter
	18.2 Methodological Approach
	18.3 P: Climate Change as a Pressure for Environmentally Induced Migration (EIM)
	18.4 E: Effects of Climate Change as a Threat Multiplier to Human Security
		18.4.1 Effects of Climate Change as a Security Risk in Mexico
		18.4.2 Environmental Scarcity
		18.4.3 Environmental Degradation
		18.4.4 Environmental Stress
	18.5 I or Impact of Climate Change
	18.6 SO: Societal Outcomes: Rural Environmentally-Induced Migration (R-EIM)
		18.6.1 Internal Migration
		18.6.2 International Migration
		18.6.3 Societal Outcomes and Security Threats
	18.7 R: Policy Responses to Environmentally Induced Migration
	18.8 Political Perspective and Security
	18.9 Conclusive Reflections
	References
19 Environmentally-Induced Migration from Bottom-Up in Central Mexico
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Objective of the Research
		19.1.2 Research Questions
		19.1.3 Structure of the Chapter
	19.2 Methodology and Methods of Research
		19.2.1 The PEISOR Model from Bottom-Up
		19.2.2 Interdisciplinary Research Methods with the Participation of the Affected People
		19.2.3 Conceptual Approaches to Gender, Adaptation and Resilience
			19.2.3.1 Gender
			19.2.3.2 Adaptation
			19.2.3.3 Resilience
		19.2.4 The Study Area
		19.2.5 Sample
	19.3 Pressure (P)
		19.3.1 Environmental Deterioration and Index of Environmental Vulnerability Perception
		19.3.2 Socio-economic Deterioration and Index of Social Vulnerability
	19.4 Effects (E)
		19.4.1 Effects on the Environment: Degradation, Scarcity and Stress
		19.4.2 Effects on Society: Poverty, Lack of Public Services, Loss of Solidarity and Conflicts
	19.5 Impacts (I)
		19.5.1 Impacts on the Environment: Extreme Hydrometeo-rological, Geophysical and Technological Events
		19.5.2 Impacts on Society: Poverty, Lack of Public Services, Malnutrition, Disease, Loss of Livelihood and Conflicts
	19.6 Societal Outcome (SO)
		19.6.1 Pendular Environmentally Induced Migration
		19.6.2 Return Migration
		19.6.3 Rural-Rural Environmentally Induced Migration
		19.6.4 International Environmentally Induced Migration
	19.7 Response (R)
		19.7.1 Governmental Response
		19.7.2 Societal Response
	19.8 Conclusion on Environmentally Induced Migration
	References
20 The Nexus among Water, Soil, Food, Biodiversity and Energy Security
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Nexus among Water, Soil, Food, Biodiversity and Energy Security (WSFBE)
	20.3 Research Question and Working Hypothesis
	20.4 Conceptualisation of Human Security, Dual Vulnerability, Gender Perspective, and Living Well
		20.4.1 Human Security
		20.4.2 Dual Vulnerability
		20.4.3 Gender Perspective
		20.4.4 Living Well
	20.5 Deepening the Nexus Discussion
		20.5.1 Soil Security
		20.5.2 Biodiversity Security
	20.6 Lessons Learned
	References
21 The Global South Facing the Challenges of an Engendered, Sustainable and Peaceful Transition in a Hothouse Earth
	21.1 Introduction
		21.1.1 Research Questions
		21.1.2 Structure of This Chapter
		21.1.3 Definition of Key Concepts
			21.1.3.1 Transition
			21.1.3.2 Sorority
			21.1.3.3 Engendered-Sustainable Peace
	21.2 Existing and Upcoming Threats for the Global South
		21.2.1 Climate Change: A Hothouse Earth
		21.2.2 Wealth Concentration and Violence
		21.2.3 Famine, Thirst and Diseases
		21.2.4 Forced Migration
	21.3 An Alternative World-View with an Engendered Commitment
		21.3.1 We Belong to This Earth; We Are Not Its Owners: Degrowth
		21.3.2 Environmentalism Versus Capitalism
		21.3.3 Caring Instead of Accumulating
		21.3.4 Solidarity and Sorority
	21.4 Adaptation for Whom?
		21.4.1 Adaption from Top-Down
		21.4.2 Adaptation from Bottom-Up
	21.5 Resilience-Building Based on Own Capacities in the South
		21.5.1 The Global South Is Alone: Promoting Living Well
		21.5.2 Indigenous Zapatistas
		21.5.3 Economy of Solidarity
	21.6 Outlook: An Engendered-Sustainable Future with Peace, Sorority and Solidarity
	References
International Peace Research Association (IPRA)
IPRA Conferences, Secretary Generals and Presidents 1964–2018
About the Author
Index