Early Detection and Treatment of Head & Neck Cancers. Theoretical Background and Newly Emerging Research

Foreword
Acknowledgments
	A Historic Perspective
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: General Introduction to Head and Neck Cancer: Etiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Staging, Prevention, and Treatment
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Etiology
		Tobacco
		Alcohol
		Alcohol and Tobacco in Combination
		Viruses
		Immunosuppressive Agents
		Diet
		Oral Hygiene
		Diseases
		Oral Microbiota
		Socioeconomic Status
		Free Radicals
		Atmospheric Gases
		Occupational Exposures
		Other Risk Factors
	Symptoms
	Diagnosis
		Clinical Examination
		Imaging
		Probing
		Tumor Biopsy
		Pathology/Immunohistochemistry
	Staging System
	Prevention
	Treatment
		Stagewise Treatment for HNC
			Early Stage HNC
			Stage III/IV Cancers
			Metastatic Disease
	Perspective
	References
Chapter 2: Potentially Malignant Disorders of the Oral Cavity
	Introduction
	Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs)
		Leukoplakia
		Erythroplakia
		Oral Submucous Fibrosis
	Diagnosis and Screening of OPMDs
		Noninvasive Techniques
			Vital Staining
			Light-Based Detection Systems
				Chemiluminescence
				Tissue Autofluorescence
				Photodynamic Techniques
				Optical Diagnostic Technologies
			Prognostic Molecular Biomarkers
		Invasive Detection Techniques
			Incisional Biopsy
			Oral Brush Cytology (OBC)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Diagnosis and Management of Intraoral Epithelial Dysplasia
	Introduction
	Aids in the Diagnosis of Oral Dysplasia
	Special Emphasis on Other Differential Diagnosis
		Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia
		Lichen Planus
	Treatment of Intraoral Dysplasia
	How to Avoid the Development of Dysplasia and Oral Cancer
		Smoking
		Drinking
		Chewing
		Vitamin Imbalance
		Oncogenic Viruses
		Surprising Good Side Effects of Medications
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Dysphagia in Head and Neck Cancers
	Introduction
	Surgical Management
		Oral Cavity Cancers
		Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Cancers
		Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancers
	Radiation Therapy
	Assessment of Swallowing Disorders in Head and Neck Cancers
		Medical History
		Clinical Oral Examination
		Instrumental Evaluation
	Treatment of Dysphagia in Head and Neck Cancers
		Diet Allocation
		Compensatory Strategies and Maneuvers
			Postural Changes
			Compensatory Strategies
		Swallowing Exercises
			Range of Motion and Strengthening Exercises
	Multidisciplinary Team
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: The Mutational Landscape of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Opportunities for Detection and Monitoring Via Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA
	Introduction
	Mutational Landscape of HNSCC
		Comparison of Mutational Landscape of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative HNSCC
		Alterations Associated with Early-Stage HNSCC
	Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) in HNSCC
		Tumor Detection
		Tumor Monitoring
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 6: Circulating Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancer
	Introduction
	Circulating Tumor DNA and Circulating Tumor Cells
		Early Detection
		Treatment Selection
		Monitoring Treatment Response
		Monitoring Minimal Residual Disease
		Predicting Metastasis
	Circulating Exosomal miRNAs
	Salivary Diagnostics
		Salivary ctDNA
		Salivary miRNA
		Salivary Exosomes
	Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 7: Proinflammatory Signaling Pathways and Genomic Signatures in Head and Neck Cancers
	Introduction
	Networks of Proinflammatory Cytokines, Chemokines, and Growth Factors
		Role of Interleukins, Chemokines, and Growth Factors in HNC Pathogenesis
		Co-expression of Proinflammatory Factors as Clinical Correlates
		Cytokine- and Chemokine-Based Therapies and Their Potentials
	NF-κB Pathway and Crosstalk with Other Signaling in Head and Neck Cancers
		Classical and Alternative NF-κB Signaling Pathways
		Crosstalk of NF-κB Pathway with Other Signaling Pathways
		Current Biomarkers and Drug Development Related to NF-κB Pathways
	Regulation of Inflammatory Signaling by Ubiquitination and Proteasome
		The Ubiquitin System
		Ubiquitin-Mediated Regulation of Inflammatory Signaling
		The Ubiquitin System in HNSCC: Genomic and Transcriptomic Expression Data
			Copy-Number Alteration and mRNA Expression
			Somatic Mutations
		Targeting the Ubiquitin System in HNSCC
			Proteasome Inhibitors
			IAP Antagonists
	Genomic Signatures and Transcriptomic Landscapes of Proinflammatory and Other Signaling Molecules
		Overview of TCGA Project and the Individual Biomarker Paper of HNSCC
		Three Major Themes of TCGA Pan-Cancer Atlas Project Include “Cell of Origin,” “Oncogenic Process,” and “Signaling Pathways”
		Landscape Characterization of Human Cell Lines Using High-Throughput Technologies
		Genome-Wide Gene Perturbation and Interrogation with Functional Analyses
	Overall Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 8: Pain Associated with Head and Neck Cancers
	Introduction
	Mechanisms of Head and Neck Cancer Pain
		Nerve Growth Factor
		Endothelin-1
		Proteases and Protease-Activated Receptors
	How Treatment Modalities Can Cause Pain?
	Chronic Pain Pathophysiology
		Modulation
	New Frontiers
		Compounded Analgesic Formulations
		Tapentadol
		Cebranopadol and NKTR-181
		Neurochemistry
	Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 9: Emerging Trends in Oral Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery for Head and Neck Cancer
	Introduction
		Histological Structure of the Oral Mucosa and Saliva Components
			The Epithelial Layer
			The Basement Membrane
			The Connective Tissue
		Saliva, Mucus, and Mucins
	Mucoadhesive Theories
		Diffusion Theory
		Electronic Theory
		Absorption Theory
		Fracture Theory
		Wetting Theory
	Oral Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System Formulations for Head and Neck Cancer
		Solids
			Tablets
			Wafers
			Bioadhesive Microspheres
		Semisolids
			Films and Patches
			Chewing Gum
			Ointment or Gel
		Liquids or Suspensions
	Components of Oral Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems
		Drug Substance
		Bioadhesive Polymers
		Backing Membrane
		Plasticizers
		Permeation Enhancers
	Conclusion
	References
Index