Early Childhood Psychopathology: Developmental Models and Treatments

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Developmental Psychopathology: The Emergence of a Discipline
	The Emergence of the Field of Developmental Psychopathology
	Principles of Developmental Psychopathology
		The Developmental Principle
		The Normative Principle
	The Systems and Multi-level Principles
		The Agency Principle
		The Mutually Informative Principle
		The Longitudinal Principle
	Developmental Psychopathology Principles Applied to Research: Critical Concepts
	Bi-Directionality and Transactional Effects
	Cascading Effects
	Equifinality and Multifinality
	The Omitted Variable Problem
	References
Chapter 2: Building a Model of Risk Factors for Psychopathology in Early Childhood
	The Taxonomic Approach
	A Comment on the DC:0-3R Classification System
	Dimensional Approaches
	Bifactor Models and a General Psychopathology Factor
	Dimensional, Categorical: Can There Be Integration or a Rapprochement?
	Building a Multi-domain Model for Risk Factors Associated with Early Childhood Psychopathology: The PACT Study
		Identify Relevant Explanatory Targets and Phenomena
	Developing a Prototheory to Explain Risk Factors and Outcomes in Early Childhood
	Developing a Formal Model
	References
Chapter 3: Contextual Risk Factors: Impact on Early Childhood Mental Health
	Contextual Domain
	Socioeconomic Status
		SES: Direct Effects on Child/Adolescent Psychopathology
		SES: Indirect Effects
	Stress
		Stress: Direct Effects
		Stress: Indirect Effects
	Conflict
		Conflict: Direct Effects
		Conflict: Indirect Effects
	References
Chapter 4: Parent and Parenting Risk Factors: Impact on Early Childhood Mental Health
	Parent Depression
		Parental Depression: Direct Effects
	Factors Impacting the Parental Depression/Child Psychopathology Association
		Methodological Factors
		Multifinality
	Parental Depression and Indirect Effects on Child Psychopathology via Parenting
	Parental Depression: Indirect Effects via Child Attachment
	Parental Depression: Indirect Effects via Child Temperament
	Parenting: Direct Effects
		Parenting: Dimensional Approach
	Parenting: Categorical Approach
	Parenting: Indirect Effects via Child Temperament
	Modeling Parent Depression and Parenting in the Multi-domain Risk Factor Model
	References
Chapter 5: Child Risk Factors: Impact on Early Childhood Mental Health
	Temperament
		History and Definition
		NA: Direct Effects
		Effortful Control: Direct Effects
		NA and EC: Interactions and Child Psychopathology
		NA and EC: Indirect Effects
		Summary of Roles of NA and EC
	Sensory Regulation
		Sensory Regulation: Direct Effects
		Sensory Regulation: Indirect Effects
	Other Temperament Factors
		Behavioral Inhibition (BI)
		Irritability
	Attachment Security
		Attachment Security: Direct Effects
		Attachment Security: Indirect Effects
	Summary
	References
Chapter 6: The Challenges of Study Design: Considerations in Developing the PACT Research Program
	Choosing a Target Sample
		Race/Ethnicity (What’s the Optimal Diversity Mix?)
		Age at Entry and Longitudinal Scope (How Old to Start? How Long to Study?)
		From Where to Recruit?
		Parent Participation (Mothers Only Versus Both Parents?)
	Participants: The Final Longitudinal Sample
	Measures
	Raters: Who Should Rate the Child’s Characteristics?
	Parent Ratings of At-Home Behavior Versus Laboratory Tasks
		Parent Ratings: Pros and Cons
		Laboratory Measures: Pros and Cons
		Laboratory Tasks Versus Parent Ratings: Weighing the Arguments, Seeking Resolution
	Measures of Risk Factors and Child Psychopathology
	Procedure
	Data Analysis
	Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
	Building the Longitudinal Models
		An Initial Cross-Sectional Model
		Mediational Processes in Cross-Sectional Designs
	References
Chapter 7: Multi-domain Models of Externalizing Disorders: Risk Factors and Complex Pathways
	Developing a Cross-Sectional Model
	The Longitudinal Model for Symptoms of ODD
		Overall Model Fit
		Contextual Risk Factors
		Parent Risk Factors: Parent Depression
		Parenting Factors
		Child Factors
	Testing Change in ODD Symptom Levels from Age 5 to 6
	ADHD Symptoms and Psychosocial Factors
	A Longitudinal Model for ADHD Symptoms
	Overall Model Fit
		Contextual Risk Factors
		Parent Risk Factor: Parental Depression
		Parenting Factors: Hostility, Support, Scaffolding
		Child Factors
	Testing Change in ADHD Symptom Levels From Age 5 to 6
	Risk Factors for Externalizing Disorders: Comparison to Prior Literature
	How Do These Pathways Differ for ODD and ADHD-C?
	Summary of Risk Factor Comparisons Between ADHD-C and ODD
	Examining a Parenting Bidirectional Model for ADHD-C and ODD
	Comparison to Prior Research on Parenting, ADHD, and ODD
	Summary
	References
Chapter 8: Multi-domain Models of Internalizing Disorders: Risk Factors and Complex Pathways
	Developmental Issues in Diagnosing Depression and Anxiety in Early Childhood
	Developing a Longitudinal Model
	Model One for Depression
		Model One for Depression: Model Fit
		Contextual Risk Factors
		Parental Risk Factors
		Parenting
		Child Factors
	Model Two for Depression
		Direct Effects
	Model One for Anxiety
		Contextual Risk Factors
		Parent Depression
		Parenting
		Child Risk Factors
	Model Two for Anxiety
	Comparison of Longitudinal Models for Depression and Anxiety
	Examining a Parenting Bidirectional Model for Depression and Anxiety Symptoms
		Parenting and Subsequent Changes in Child Symptoms
		Child Symptoms and Subsequent Changes in Parenting
	Temporal Sequencing of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms
	Summary
	References
Chapter 9: Unraveling the Structure of Psychopathology: Transdiagnostic Approaches, Risk Factors, and Complex Pathways
	Dimensional Models of the Structure of Psychopathology in Children
		Hierarchical Models
		Bifactor Models
		Studies of the Structure of Psychopathology in Young Children
	The Structure and Stability of Hierarchical and Bifactor Models in Young Children
		Structure and Stability: Hierarchical Models
		Structure and Stability: Bifactor Models
	Comparing Hierarchical and Bifactor Models
	Risk Factors
		Identifying Shared Transdiagnostic Risk Factors
		Does “Unimorbidity” Exist?
	Research on Transdiagnostic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: Existing Literature
		Contextual Factors
		Parent and Parenting Factors
		Child Factors: Temperamental Negative Affect (NA), Effortful Control (EC), and Inhibitory Control (IC)
	Improving Our Understanding of Transdiagnostic and Symptom-Type-Specific Risk Factors and the Structure of Psychopathology in Children
		Level 1
		Level 2
		Level 3
		Level 1: Transdiagnostic Risk Factors for General P, Internalizing, and Externalizing Factors
		Level 2: Consistency with Which Risk Factors Are Associated with Different Types of Symptoms
		Level 3: Transdiagnostic and Symptom-Type-Specific Pathways Across Multidomain Risk Factors at the Symptom-Type and Higher-Order Levels
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Current Treatments for Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders in Young Children: A Review
	Treatments for Oppostional Behavior
	Treatment for ADHD
	Current Treatments for Internalizing Disorders in Young Children
		Depression Treatments
		Anxiety Treatments
	Current Treatments: Issues
	References
Chapter 11: Assessment and Treatment Recommendations: A Paradigm Shift?
	Recommendations for Assessment
	Recommendations for Treatment
		Contextual Factors: SES
		Family Conflict
		Parent Factors: Parent Depression
		Stress
		Parenting Factors: Support and Hostility
		Scaffolding
		Child Factors: Attachment
		Effortful Control
		Sensory Regulation
	Development of a Comprehensive, Personalized Treatment Plan
	Summary
	References
Chapter 12: New Directions for Early Childhood Clinical Training, Public Policy, and Research: Lessons Learned From PACT
	Clinical Child Training: Does It Meet the Need?
		Expansion of Clinical Psychology Training
	Public Policy
		SES
		Neighborhood Effects
		Early Identification and Preventive Care
	Future Research
	References
Appendices
	Appendix A
		Study Measures: Description and Psychometric Characteristics
		Demographics and Screening
			Family Background Questionnaire
			Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)
		Risk Factors
			Life Stress
				Parenting Stress—Parenting Stress Index, Short Form (PSI-SF).
				Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
				McCubbin Family Changes & Strains Scale
			Family Conflict
				Family Environment Scale (FES)
				McCubbin Family Distress Index
			Maternal Depression
				Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
				Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)
			Parent-Child Interaction
				Parent Behavior Inventory (PBI)
				NICHD Three Boxes Task
		Child Variables
			Attachment
				Attachment Q-Sort (AQS)
			Child Temperament
				Negative Affect (NA) and Effortful Control (EC)
				Sensory Regulation
		Assessing Child Symptom Types
			ODD Symptoms
				Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Parent Scale—Young Child Version (DISC-YC)
				Child Symptom Inventory (CSI)
				Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI)
					Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
					Anxiety
					Depression
		Procedures
		References
	Appendix B
		Fit Indices for Structural Equation Modeling
		References
	Appendix C
		Suppression Effects in the PACT Study
		References
	Appendix D
		Bifactor Models and Their Anomalies
			Bifactor S-1 Models
			Suppression and Bifactor Model Anomalies
		References
Index