Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines

Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Nomenclature
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1Prologue
1.2Relevant Terminology
1.3The Equivalence Ratio
1.4Efficiency Considerations
1.5Cogeneration
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 2 The Internal Combustion Engine
2.1The Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine
2.2Hybrid Engine Applications
2.3Selection of Engine Power Systems
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 3 The Compression Ignition Engine
3.1The Diesel Engine
3.2Operational Features of Diesel Engines
3.3The Ignition Delay
3.4Diesel Engine Fuels
3.5Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 4 Gas-Fueled Engines
4.1Merits of Operating on Gaseous Fuels
4.2Modes of Operation of Gas-Fueled Engines
4.3The Applications of Gas-Fueled Engines
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 5 The Premixed Dual-Fuel Engine 
5.1Historical Development
5.2Dual-Fuel Engine Operation
5.3The Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dual-Fuel Operation
5.4The Employment of Dual-Fuel Engines
5.5Some Economic Considerations
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 6 Methane and Natural Gas as Engine Fuels
6.1Natural Gas as a Fuel
6.2Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
6.3Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
6.4Fuel Mixtures Containing Methane with Diluent Gases
6.5Some Other Natural Gas Mixtures
6.6Some Common Nonnatural Gas-Fuel Mixtures
6.7Biogas Fuels
6.8Landfill Gases
6.9Some Other Gaseous Fuel Mixtures
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 7 Liquefied Petroleum Gases. Hydrogen, and Other Alternative Fuels 
7.1Evaluating the Merits of the Different Gaseous Fuels for Dual-Fuel Operation
7.2Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
7.3Other Alternative Fuels
7.4Hydrogen as an Engine Fuel
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 8 Safety Considerations
8.1Fuel Safety Requirements
8.2Methane and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Operational Safety
8.3LNG Operational Safety
8.4Operational Safety of LPG Gases
8.5Some Engine Safety Measures
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 9 Combustion of Fuel Gases
9.1Some Combustion Fundamentals
9.2Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes
9.3Diffusion vs. Premixed Combustion
9.4Diesel Engine Combustion
9.5Heat Release Analysis
9.6Flammability and Combustion Limits of Gas Fuel-Air Mixtures
9.7Methane Oxidation within Fuel Mixtures
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 10 The Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dual-Fuel Operation
10.1Economics of Conversion
10.2The Requirements for Conversion to Dual-Fuel Operation
10.3Some Features of Conversion to Dual-Fuel Operation
10.4Engines Dedicated Wholly to Dual-Fuel Operation
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 11 The Diesel Fuel Pilot
11.1The Function of the Pilot
11.2Pilot Size Considerations
11.3Reduction of the Relative Size of the Pilot
11.4Pilot Fuel Delivery Systems
11.5Micro-Pilot Applications
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 12 Gaseous Fuel Admission
12.1Modes of Fuel Gas Admission
12.2Some of the Limitations of Fuel Gas Fumigation
12.3In-Cylinder Direct Injection of Ultra-High-Pressure Fuel Gas
12.4LNG, LPG, and Hydrogen Admissions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 13 Dual-Fuel Engine Combustion
13.1Combustion Processes
13.2The Ignition Delay
13.3Flame Propagation Limits
13.4Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Combustion
13.5Combustion with Direct In-Cylinder High-Pressure Gas Injection
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 14 Dual-Fuel Engine Performance
14.1Performance under Light Load Conditions
14.2Some Remedial Measures for Improving Light Load Operation
14.3The Dispensing of Fugitive Gas Emissions through the Operation of Diesel Engines on Ultra-Lean Methane-Air Mixtures
14.4Rich Mixture Operation in Dual-Fuel Engines
14.5Simultaneous Production of Synthesis Gas and Power in a Dual-Fuel Engine
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 15 Knock in Dual-Fuel Engines
15.1Knock in Gas-Fueled Spark Ignition Engines
15.2The Knock Rating of Fuels
15.3Diesel Engine Knock
15.4Dual-Fuel Engine Knock
15.5Some Measures to Reduce the Incidence of Knock
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 16 Exhaust Emissions
16.1Exhaust Products of Engine Combustion
16.2Dual-Fuel Engine Emissions
16.3Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions
16.4Particulate Emissions
16.5Oxides of Sulfur Emissions
16.6Emission Control Measures
16.7Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 17 Some Operational Features of Dual-Fuel Engines
17.1Dual-Fuel Engine Performance
17.2Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
17.3Heat Transfer in Dual-Fuel Engines
17.4Engine Operation on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
17.5Cyclic Variations
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 18 Dual-Fuel Engine Management
18.1Engine Management Systems
18.2Some Features of Dual-Fuel Management
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 19 Dual-Fuel Engine Operation on Alternative Fuels
19.1Dual-Fuel Operation on Propane, Butane, and LPG
19.2Operation on Hydrogen with Pilot Ignition
19.3Dual-Fuel Operation with Some Gasoline Fumigation
19.4Dual-Fuel Operation with Alcohol Fumigation
19.5Operation on Biogases and Methane-Diluent Fuel Mixtures
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 20 Predictive Modeling of Dual-Fuel Engine Performance
20.1Modeling Combustion Processes
20.2Predictive Modeling of Engine Performance
20.3Modeling Dual-Fuel Engine Performance
20.4Some Modeled Examples
References and Recommended Reading
Glossary
Bibliography