Drugs and society

Title
Copyright
Brief contents
Contents
Features
Preface
	What Is New and Improved?
	Chapter Breakdown
How to use this book
Acknowledgments
About the authors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Drugs and Society
	Introduction
	Drug Use
	Dimensions of Drug Use
	Major Types of Commonly Abused Drugs
		Prescription and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
		Stimulants
		Bath Salts
		Hallucinogens/Psychedelics and Other Similar Drugs
		Depressants
		Alcohol
		Nicotine
		Cannabis (Marijuana and Hashish)
		Designer Drugs/Synthetic Drugs or Synthetic Opioids
		Anabolic Steroids
		Inhalants/Organic Solvents
		Narcotics/Opiates
	An Overview of Drugs in Society
		How Widespread Is Drug Abuse?
		Extent and Frequency of Drug Use in Society
		Drug Use: Statistics, Trends, and Demographics
		Current Patterns of Licit and Illicit Drug Use
		Types of Drug Users
		Drug Use: Mass and Electronic Media and Family Influences
	Drug Use and Drug Dependence
		When Does Use Lead to Abuse?
		Drug Dependence
	The Costs of Drug Use to Society
		Drugs, Crime, and Violence
		Drugs in the Workplace: A Persistent Affliction
	Employee Assistance Programs
	Venturing to a Higher Form of Consciousness: The Holistic Self-Awareness Approach to Drug Use
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Summary
Chapter 2 Explaining Drug Use and Abuse
	Introduction
	Drug Use: A Timeless Affliction
	The Origin and Nature of Addiction
		Defining Addiction
		Models of Addiction
		Factors Contributing to Addiction
	The Vicious Cycle of Drug Addiction
		Other Nondrug Addictions
	Major Theoretical Explanations: Biological
		Abused Drugs as Positive Reinforcers
		Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders
		Genetic Explanations
	Major Theoretical Explanations: Psychological
		Distinguishing Between Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders
		The Relationship Between Personality and Drug Use
		Theories Based on Learning Processes
		Social Psychological Learning Theories
	Major Theoretical Explanations: Sociological
		Social Influence Theories
		Structural Influence Theories
	Danger Signals of Drug Abuse
		Low-Risk and High-Risk Drug Choices
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Summary
Chapter 3 Drug Use, Regulation, and the Law
	Introduction
	Cultural Attitudes About Drug Use
	The Road to Regulation and the FDA
		The Rising Demand for Effectiveness in Medicinal Drugs
		Regulating the Development of New Drugs
		The Effects of the OTC Review on Today’s Medications
	The Regulation of Drug Advertising
		Federal Regulation and Quality Assurance
	Drug Abuse and the Law
		Drug Laws and Deterrence
		Factors in Controlling Drug Abuse
	Strategies for Preventing Drug Abuse
		Supply Reduction Strategy
		Demand Reduction Strategy
		Inoculation Strategy
		Drug Courts
	Current and Future Drug Use
		Drug Legalization Debate
		Drug Testing
		Pragmatic Drug Policies
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 4 Homeostatic Systems and Drugs
	Introduction
	Overview of Homeostasis and Drug Actions
	Section 1: Introduction to Nervous Systems
	Section 2: Comprehensive Explanation of Homeostatic Systems
		The Building Blocks of the Nervous System
		Major Divisions of the Nervous System
		The Autonomic Nervous System
		The Endocrine System
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
Chapter 5 How and Why Drugs Work
	Introduction
	The Intended and Unintended Effects of Drugs
	The Dose–Response Relationship of Therapeutics and Toxicity
		Margin of Safety
		Potency Versus Toxicity
	Drug Interaction
		Additive Effects
		Antagonistic (Inhibitory) Effects
		Potentiative (Synergistic) Effects
		Dealing with Drug Interactions
	Pharmacokinetic Factors That Influence Drug Effects
		Forms and Methods of Taking Drugs
		Distribution of Drugs in the Body and Time–Response Relationships
		Inactivation and Elimination of Drugs from the Body
		Physiological Variables That Modify Drug Effects
		Pathological Variables That Modify Drug Effects
		Pharmacokinetics and Drug Testing
	Adaptive Processes and Drug Abuse
		Tolerance to Drugs
		Drug Dependence
	Psychological Factors
		The Placebo Effect
	Addiction (Substance Use Disorder) and Abuse: The Significance of Dependence
		Hereditary Factors
		Drug Craving
		Other Factors
	Key Terms
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
Chapter 6 CNS Depressants: Sedative-Hypnotics
	Introduction
	An Introduction to CNS Depressants
		The History of CNS Depressants
		The Effects of CNS Depressants: Benefits and Risks
	Types of CNS Depressants
		Benzodiazepines: Valium-Type Drugs
		Barbiturates
		Other CNS Depressants
	Patterns of Abuse with CNS Depressants
	Treatment for Withdrawal
	Natural Depressants
	Key Terms
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
Chapter 7 Alcohol: Pharmacological Effects
	Introduction
	The Nature and History of Alcohol
	Alcohol as a Drug
		Alcohol as a Social Drug
		Impact of Alcohol
		Alcohol and Crime
		Alcohol and Cancer
		Alcopops
		Drinking and College Students
		Underage Drinking
	The Properties of Alcohol
	The Physical Effects of Alcohol
		Alcohol and Tolerance
		Alcohol Metabolism
		Polydrug Use
		Short-Term Effects
		Dependence
		Alcohol and Genetics
	The Effects of Alcohol on Organ Systems and Bodily Functions
		Brain and Nervous System
		Liver
		Digestive System
		Blood
		Cardiovascular System
		Sexual Organs
		Endocrine System
		Kidneys
		Mental Disorders and Damage to the Brain
		The Fetus
		Gender Differences
		Malnutrition
	Key Terms
	Summary
Chapter 8 Alcohol: Behavioral Effects
	Introduction
	Alcohol Consumption in the United States
	Current Statistics and Trends in Alcohol Consumption
		Percentages of the Drinking Population: A Pyramid Model
		Dual Problems: Underage and Adult Drinking
		Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse
	History of Alcohol in America
		Drinking Patterns
		Historical Considerations
	Defining Alcoholics
		Cultural Differences
		Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Disorders
		Types of Alcoholics
		Major Traditional Distinctions Between “Wet” and “Dry” Cultures
	Cultural Influences
		Culture and Drinking Behavior
		Culture and Disinhibited Behavior
		Culture Provides Rules for Drinking Behavior
		Culture Provides Ceremonial Meaning for Alcohol Use
		Culture Provides Models of Alcoholism
		Cultural Stereotypes of Drinking May Be Misleading
		Culture Provides Attitudes Regarding Alcohol Consumption
		Culture Determines What Is Considered Acceptable Amounts of Drinking
	College and University Students and Alcohol Use
		Binge Drinking
		Gender and Collegiate Alcohol Use
	Alcohol Consumption Patterns of Women
		The Role of Alcohol in Domestic Violence
		Alcohol and Sex
	Alcohol and the Family: Destructive Types of Social Support and Organizations for Victims of Alcoholics
		Codependency and Enabling
		Children of Alcoholics (COAs) and Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs)
	Treatment of Alcoholism
		Getting Through Withdrawal
		Helping the Alcoholic Family Recover
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 9 Narcotics (Opioids)
	Introduction
	What Are Narcotics?
	The History of Narcotics
		Opium in China
		American Opium Use
	Pharmacological Effects
		Narcotic Analgesics
		Other Therapeutic Uses
		Abuse of Prescription Opioid Painkillers
		Mechanisms of Action
		Side Effects
	Abuse, Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal
		Heroin Abuse
		Treatment of Heroin and Other Narcotic Dependence
	Other Narcotics
		Morphine
		Methadone
		Fentanyls
		Hydromorphone
		Oxycodone
		Meperidine
		Hydrocodone
		Buprenorphine
		MPTP: A “Designer” Tragedy
		Codeine
		Pentazocine
		Tramadol
	Narcotic-Related Drugs
		Dextromethorphan
		Clonidine
		Naloxone/Naltrexone
	Natural Narcotic Substances
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 10 Stimulants
	Introduction
	Major Stimulants
		Amphetamines
		Cocaine
	Minor Stimulants
		Caffeine-Like Drugs (Xanthines)
		OTC Sympathomimetics
		Herbal Stimulants
	Global Stimulant Abuse
		Stimulant Production
		Global Stimulant Consumption
		Global Drug Policy
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 11 Tobacco
	Tobacco Use: Scope of the Problem
		Current Tobacco Use in the United States
		Cigarette Smoking: A Costly Addiction
	The History of Tobacco Use
		Popularity in the Western World
		History of Tobacco Use in America
		Tobacco Production
		Government Regulation
	Pharmacology of Nicotine
		Effects of Nicotine on the Central Nervous System
		Other Effects of Nicotine
	Cigarette Smoking
		Cardiovascular Disease
		Cancer
		Bronchopulmonary Disease
		Effects on Pregnancy
	“Light” Cigarettes
	Electronic Cigarettes
	Tobacco Use and Exposure Without Smoking
		Smokeless Tobacco
		Secondhand Smoke
	Reasons for Smoking and the Motivation to Quit
		Reasons for Smoking
		Benefits of Cessation
		The Motivation to Quit
	Smoking Prohibition Versus Smokers’ Rights
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 12 Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)
	Introduction
	The History of Hallucinogen Use
		The Native American Church
		Timothy Leary and the League of Spiritual Discovery
	Hallucinogen Use Today
	The Nature of Hallucinogens
		Sensory and Psychological Effects
		Mechanisms of Action
	Types of Hallucinogenic Agents
		Traditional Hallucinogens: LSD Types
		Phenylethylamine Hallucinogens
		Anticholinergic Hallucinogens
		Other Hallucinogens
	Natural Substances
		Naturally Occurring Hallucinogens
		Salvia divinorum
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 13 Marijuana
	Introduction
	Marijuana: History and Current Trends
		Historical Roots of Marijuana
	Current Use of Marijuana
		Recent Trends in Use of Marijuana: 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders
	Marijuana: Is It the Assassin of Youth?
		Major Factors Affecting Marijuana Use
	Is Marijuana Really a Gateway Drug?
	Misperceptions of Marijuana Use
	Characteristics of Cannabis
	Synthetic Marijuana
		Trends in Use
		Perceived Risk
	The Behavioral Effects of Marijuana Use
		The “High”
		Subjective Euphoric Effects
		Driving Performance
		Critical-Thinking Skills
		Amotivational Syndrome
	Therapeutic Uses and the Controversy over Medical Marijuana Use
		Reduction in Intraocular (Eye) Pressure
		Cancer
		Antiasthmatic Effect
		Muscle-Relaxant Effect
		Antiseizure Effect
		Antidepressant Effect
		Analgesic Effect
		Antinauseant
		Appetite Stimulant
	Short-Term Consequences of Smoking Marijuana
	Long-Term Consequences of Smoking Marijuana
	The Physiological Effects of Marijuana Use
		Effects on the Brain
		Effects on the Central Nervous System
		Effects on the Respiratory System: Smoking Marijuana
		Effects on the Respiratory System: Vaporizing Marijuana
		Effects on the Cardiovascular System
		Effects on Sexual Performance and Reproduction
		Tolerance and Dependence
		Chronic Use
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Summary
Chapter 14 Inhalants
	Introduction
	History of Inhalants
	Types of Inhalants
		Volatile Substances
		Anesthetics
		Nitrites
	Legislation
	Current Patterns and Signs of Abuse
		Adolescent and Teenage Usage
		Gender, Race, Socioeconomics, and Abuse
		Signs of Inhalant Abuse
	Dangers of Inhalant Abuse
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 15 Over-the-Counter, Prescription, and Herbal Drugs
	Introduction
	OTC Drugs
		Abuse of OTC Drugs
		Federal Regulation of OTC Drugs
		OTC Drugs and Self-Care
		Types of OTC Drugs
		OTC Herbal (Natural) Products
	Prescription Drugs
		Prescription Drug Abuse
		Prescription Abuse and Pregnancy
		Necessary Drug Information for Healthcare Providers
		Drug Selection: Generic Versus Proprietary
		Common Categories of Prescription Drugs
	Common Principles of Drug Use
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 16 Drug Use in Subcultures of Special Populations
	Introduction
	Athletes and Drug Abuse
		Laws Intended to Stop the Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Professional Sports
		Drugs Used by Athletes
		Prevention of Abuse
	Drug Use Among Women
		Women Are More Concerned About Drug Use Than Men
		Patterns of Drug Use: Comparing Females with Males
		Female Roles, Seeking Treatment, and Drug Addiction
		Women’s Responses to Drugs
		Treatment of Drug Dependence in Women
		Prevention of Drug Dependence in Women
	Drug Use Among Adolescents
		Consequences of Underage Drug Use
		Why Adolescents Use Drugs
		Patterns of Drug Use in Families of Adolescents
		Noteworthy Findings Regarding Teen Drug Use
		Adolescent Versus Adult Drug Abuse
		Consequences and Coincidental Problems
		Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Adolescent Drug Problems
		Summary of Adolescent Drug Abuse
	Drug Use Among College Students
		Reasons for College Students’ Drug Use
		Additional Noteworthy Findings Regarding Drug Use by College Students
		Recommendations for Reducing Drug Use and Abuse on College Campuses
	HIV and AIDS
		Major U.S. Statistics and Trends in Specific Populations Living with HIV/AIDS
		The Nature of HIV Infection and Related Symptoms
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		Who Is at Risk for AIDS?
		Women and Men Acquiring HIV and Drugs of Abuse
		Youth and HIV/AIDS
		What to Do About HIV and AIDS
	The Entertainment Industry and Drug Use
	Promoter of Drug Use: The Internet
		Social Networking Motivating Drug Use
		The Dark Web: The Place to Go to Anonymously Purchase Illicit Drugs?
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Summary
Chapter 17 Drug Abuse Prevention
	Introduction
	How Serious Are the Problems of Substance Use Disorders?
	Drug Prevention
	Risk Factors and Protective Factors
	Considering the Audience and Approach
	Prevention Research: Key Findings
		An Example of Drug Prevention at Central High in Elmtown
	Comprehensive Prevention Programs for Drug Use and Abuse
		Harm Reduction Model
		Community-Based Drug Prevention
		School-Based Drug Prevention
		Family-Based Prevention Programs
		Individual-Based Drug Prevention and Treatment: Harm Reduction Therapy
	Drug Prevention Programs in Higher Education
		Overview and Critique of Existing Prevention Programs
	Examples of Large-Scale Drug Prevention Programs
		The BACCHUS Peer Education Network and NASPA
		Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education Drug Prevention Programs
		Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)
		The Drug Court Model
	Problems with Assessing the Success of Drug Prevention Programs
	Other Viable Alternatives to Drug Use
		Meditation
		The Natural Mind Approach
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Summary
Chapter 18 Treating Drug Dependence
	Treatment of Addiction
	Assessing Addiction Severity and Readiness to Change
	Principles of Treatment
	Comorbidity
	Drug Addiction Treatment in the United States
		Historical Approaches
		General Therapeutic Strategies
		Behavioral Therapies
		Pharmacological Strategies
	Discussion Questions
	Summary
	Key Terms
Appendix A Federal Agencies with Drug Abuse Missions
	Drug Enforcement Administration
	The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
	State Regulations
Appendix B Drugs of Use and Abuse
Glossary
Index