Drug Abuse: Concepts, Prevention, and Cessation

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Section One CONCEPTS AND CLASSES OF DRUGS......Page 15
What Is a Drug and Drug Use?......Page 17
Overdoses......Page 18
What Are Drugs of Misuse?......Page 19
Terms Used to Refer to Drugs That Might Be Misused......Page 20
Street Drugs......Page 21
Illicit Drugs......Page 24
Search for Clarification of Words Used to Describe Drugs That Can Be Misused......Page 25
Formal Definitions of Drug Abuse......Page 27
Differences between Adolescent and Adult Substance Abuse......Page 28
Summary......Page 30
The WHO Diagnostic Scheme......Page 32
Is Drug Abuse a Disease?......Page 33
Limitations of the Disease Concept of Drug Abuse......Page 35
Reconsideration of the Disease Concept......Page 36
Substance and Process Addictions......Page 37
Process Addictions......Page 38
Dual Diagnosis......Page 41
Summary......Page 42
Types of Drugs......Page 44
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association......Page 45
U.S. DEA\'s and Coast Guard Scheme......Page 46
Depressants......Page 47
PCP......Page 49
Stimulants......Page 50
Hallucinogens......Page 53
Other Drugs......Page 54
The Case of Caffeine: Is This a Safe Drug?......Page 55
The Strange Case of Tobacco......Page 57
Drug Use in Ancient Times......Page 58
Drug Abuse in Ancient Times......Page 60
Current Costs of Drug Abuse......Page 64
Summary......Page 67
Section Two ETIOLOGY......Page 69
Risk and Protective Factors......Page 71
Problem Behavior Theory......Page 73
Triadic Influence Theory......Page 74
Comprehensive Theories......Page 75
Second Stage......Page 76
Pragmatic Variables......Page 77
Communication......Page 78
Summary......Page 79
5 Neurobiologically Relevant......Page 83
Dopamine Receptor Hypothesis......Page 84
Genetic Variation......Page 88
Brain Systems Involved in Drug Use......Page 89
Brain Reward Systems......Page 91
Brain Structures Involved in Drug Misuse......Page 93
Substance-Induced Neural Adaptations That Sustain Dis-Balance......Page 94
Allostasis......Page 95
Early Trauma......Page 96
Phenotype Expression of Neurobiological Processes Associated with Drug Misuse......Page 97
Sensation Seeking/Novelty Seeking......Page 98
Impulsivity and Other Behavioral Regulation Traits......Page 99
Summary......Page 100
6 Cognitive Processes......Page 101
Cognition-Information Errors......Page 102
Executive Functions......Page 104
Cognitive Expectancies and Drug Use......Page 105
Implicit Cognitive Processes......Page 106
Interplay of Implicit and Explicit Cognitive Processes......Page 107
Belief…Behavior Congruence......Page 108
Contextual/Situational Distortions......Page 109
Summary......Page 111
The Family Unit and Parenting......Page 112
Peer Social Influences on Drug Use......Page 113
Social Cognitive/Learning Theory......Page 114
Social Support......Page 115
Social Network Theory......Page 116
Deviant Subcultures......Page 118
Group Identification......Page 119
Summary......Page 120
8 The Large Social and Physical Environment......Page 123
Socioeconomics, Locations, and Drug Use......Page 124
Environmental Availability of Drugs......Page 125
Points of Distribution and Drug Use......Page 126
Physical Environment Network-TypeModels of Substance Use......Page 127
Cultural Influences on Drug Use......Page 129
Gender......Page 130
Ethnicity as Culture?......Page 131
Mass Media......Page 133
Cigarette Smoking in theMovies......Page 134
Summary......Page 135
9 Assessment......Page 137
Reasons for and Goals of Assessment......Page 138
Mental Status Examination......Page 139
Frequency, Quantity, and Method of Drug Use, and Family Drug Use......Page 140
Structured Assessments of Alcoholism That Could Be Used with Adolescents or Emerging Adults......Page 141
Structured Assessments of Other Drugs of Abuse That Could Be Used with Adolescents and Emerging Adults......Page 144
Examples of Popular Structured Assessments Used with Older Adults......Page 145
Biochemical Assessment of Drug Use among Teens and Emerging Adults......Page 149
Summary......Page 150
Section Three PREVENTION......Page 151
Prevention Definitions and Classifications......Page 153
Deciding When to Use Prevention versus Cessation Programming......Page 154
Integrating Prevention and Cessation......Page 155
Message Content......Page 156
Program Implementers......Page 157
Ancient History of Drug Abuse Prevention......Page 158
Social Influence-Based Programs......Page 160
Globalization of Prevention Efforts......Page 164
An Example of the Necessity of Globalization......Page 165
When Should Programming Be Delivered in Human Development......Page 167
Summary......Page 168
11 Neurobiologically Relevant......Page 169
Genetics......Page 170
Neurotransmission/Pharmacologically Based......Page 172
Delay......Page 173
Social and Emotional Learning......Page 174
Sensation Seeking-Based Programming......Page 175
Self-Control Programming......Page 176
Summary of Evidence-Based Targeted Drug Abuse Prevention......Page 177
Potential Limitation of Targeted Prevention: Multiple Problem Behaviors......Page 179
Summary......Page 180
12 Cognitive Processes......Page 182
Cognitive-Information Errors......Page 183
Cognitive Processing Limits......Page 184
Implicit Cognition Strategies......Page 186
Belief–Behavior Congruence......Page 188
The logic of attitudinal perspectives remediation......Page 189
Contextual/Situational Distortions......Page 190
Summary......Page 192
Elements of Comprehensive Social Influence Prevention Programs......Page 193
Listening and Communication Skills......Page 194
Refusal Assertion Emphasis......Page 195
Correction of Use Prevalence Overestimates......Page 196
Self-Confidence Building and Decision-Making......Page 197
An Example of an Evidence-Based Comprehensive Social Influence Prevention Program......Page 198
Social Network Analysis Approach to Prevention......Page 200
Instruction in Conscientiousness......Page 201
Community Units......Page 202
Family-Based Prevention......Page 203
Summary......Page 206
Large Social Environmental Change......Page 207
Media-Based Prevention Programming......Page 208
Obtaining Social and Physical Environmental Resources......Page 212
Supply Reduction......Page 213
Interdiction......Page 214
Community Multicomponent Programs......Page 215
Summary......Page 216
Section Four CESSATION......Page 219
15 Concepts of Cessation......Page 221
Ancient History of Drug Abuse Treatment......Page 223
Trends in Drug Abuse Treatment Since the......Page 225
Stages of Recovery......Page 226
Treatment Goals......Page 228
Motivation......Page 231
Tolerance of Tobacco Use in Treatment Settings......Page 232
Effective Elements of Treatment for Adolescents and Emerging Adults......Page 233
Predictors of Adolescent and Emerging Adult Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes......Page 235
Quitting without Formalized Treatment?......Page 236
Summary......Page 237
16 Neurobiologically Relevant......Page 239
Treatment of Withdrawal Symptoms......Page 240
Opioid Agonist Treatment......Page 241
OtherMedications for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence......Page 243
Pharmacotherapy with Teens......Page 244
Treatment of Postacute Withdrawal......Page 246
Relapse Warning Signs......Page 247
Speculation about Future Treatments......Page 248
Summary......Page 250
17 Cognitive Processes......Page 251
Cognitive-Behavioral Chemical Dependency Inpatient Programs......Page 252
Cue Exposure/Cue Reactivity Approaches......Page 253
Cognitive Coping Programs as Alternatives to a Disease Model......Page 254
Relapse Prevention......Page 256
Marlatt\'s Cognitive-Behavioral Relapse Prevention Therapy......Page 257
Implicit and Explicit Cognition in Cessation......Page 258
Summary......Page 261
Johnson Institute and Motivational Intervention......Page 262
Twelve-Step Recovery Group Model......Page 263
More on Peer Support in Twelve-Step Programming......Page 265
Support for and Criticisms of Twelve-Step Programs......Page 266
Who Should Be the Treatment Agent (Former Drug Abusers or Professionals)?......Page 267
Social Skills Training......Page 268
Family Therapy......Page 270
Social Resources and Outpatient Treatment......Page 271
Contracting with Another Person......Page 272
Summary......Page 274
Reaching a Treatment Setting......Page 276
School Environments......Page 277
Work Environments......Page 278
Hospital Settings......Page 279
Prison Settings......Page 280
Family Home......Page 282
Residential Facilities......Page 283
Geographic Applications as an Adjunct to Treatment......Page 284
Large-Scale Policy for Substance Abuse Treatment......Page 285
Summary......Page 287
Section Five CONCLUSIONS AND THE FUTURE......Page 289
20 Conclusions and Recent and Future Directions......Page 291
Etiology, Prevention, and Cessation: Need for Taxonomy......Page 293
Consideration of Age of Population......Page 294
Breadth of Programming......Page 297
Not All Drugs Are Alike: The Unique Status of Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse......Page 299
Special Populations......Page 300
Translation......Page 303
Importance of Empirical Program Development......Page 304
Diffusion......Page 305
A Final Comment on Future Directions......Page 306
References......Page 309
Author Index......Page 351
Subject Index......Page 362