Drowning: Prevention, Rescue, Treatment

Front Matter....Pages i-xxxviii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Brief History of Maatschappij tot Redding van Drenkelingen (The Society to Rescue People from Drowning)....Pages 3-6
The History of Lifesaving....Pages 7-14
Two Centuries of Searching for Safe Lifeboats in the Netherlands....Pages 15-24
The History of Resuscitation....Pages 25-36
Bibliometric Analysis of Drowning Research....Pages 37-44
The World Congress on Drowning 2002: A Move Towards the Future....Pages 45-61
World Conference on Drowning Prevention 2011: Impacts and Legacies....Pages 63-78
Front Matter....Pages 79-79
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 81-83
Definition of Drowning: A Progress Report....Pages 85-89
The Global Burden of Drowning....Pages 91-94
Data to Assess the Global Burden of Drowning....Pages 95-98
The Burden of Drowning: Issues in Selected Countries – The United States....Pages 99-100
The Burden of Drowning: Issues in Selected Countries – Europe....Pages 101-105
The Burden of Drowning: Issues in Selected Countries – Australia and New Zealand....Pages 107-110
The Burden of Drowning: Issues in Selected Countries – Africa....Pages 111-114
The Burden of Drowning: Issues in Selected Countries – South America....Pages 115-117
The Burden of Drowning: Issues in Selected Countries – South and Southeast Asia....Pages 119-122
Review of Risk Factors....Pages 123-126
Risk Factors for Drowning: Culture and Ethnicity....Pages 127-130
Risk Factors for Drowning: Suicidal Drowning....Pages 131-134
Front Matter....Pages 79-79
The Effectiveness of Drowning Prevention Strategies....Pages 135-138
Occupational Drownings....Pages 139-142
Future Research Questions....Pages 143-146
Front Matter....Pages 147-147
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 149-151
A Framework for Prevention....Pages 153-163
Drowning Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Versus High-Income Countries....Pages 165-173
Supervision....Pages 175-179
Physical Barriers....Pages 181-185
Public and Private Pools....Pages 187-195
Swimming and Water Survival Competence....Pages 197-206
Acquisition of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours that Contribute to Water Competence: High-Income Countries....Pages 207-213
Water Safety Skills and Knowledge in the Low-Resource Environment....Pages 215-223
Personal Flotation Devices....Pages 225-229
Recreation and Tourism....Pages 231-238
Partnerships and Collaboration in Drowning Prevention....Pages 239-249
Community-Level Interventions....Pages 251-260
The Role of Policy in Prevention....Pages 261-268
Future Research Questions....Pages 269-271
Front Matter....Pages 273-273
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 275-277
Patterns of Tides, Currents, Waves and Surf....Pages 279-285
Front Matter....Pages 273-273
Public Education by Lifesavers....Pages 287-292
Emerging Technologies in Lifesaving....Pages 293-297
Water Safety Signs and Flags....Pages 299-301
Recognition of the Person in Distress....Pages 303-308
Vigilance....Pages 309-315
Scanning and Surveillance: Swimming Pools, Beaches, Open Sea....Pages 317-321
Evidence-Based Standards in Lifesaving: The Conclusions of the United States Lifeguard Standards Coalition....Pages 323-329
Lifeguard Effectiveness....Pages 331-336
Risk Management in the Aquatic Context....Pages 337-338
Risk Management in the Aquatic Context: Lifeguards....Pages 339-343
Risk Management in Training of Rescue Techniques....Pages 345-347
Risk Management for Lifeboat Crews....Pages 349-352
Lifesaving Organisations: Paid or Volunteers?....Pages 353-356
Fundraising for Lifesaving....Pages 357-360
Training Standards....Pages 361-363
European Qualifications Framework for the Lifeguard Profession....Pages 365-368
Higher Academic Education in Lifesaving (EQF Levels Above 4)....Pages 369-373
Future Research Questions....Pages 375-381
Front Matter....Pages 383-385
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 387-387
Front Matter....Pages 389-391
Towards a Definition of Aquatic Rescue....Pages 387-387
Cultural Aspects of Rescue and Resuscitation of Drowning Victims....Pages 393-397
Survival Swimming....Pages 399-403
Self-Rescue During Accidental Cold Water Immersion....Pages 405-408
Public Rescue Equipment....Pages 409-412
Bystander Rescue....Pages 413-417
Direct Body Contact Swimming Rescues....Pages 419-421
Rescue Techniques in Pools and Beaches with Equipment....Pages 423-429
Horizontal and Other Rescue Techniques....Pages 431-437
Open Water Search and Rescue Techniques....Pages 439-451
Rescue Crafts....Pages 453-460
Helicopter Search and Rescue for Drowning Victims....Pages 461-476
Swiftwater Rescue....Pages 477-484
Training and Equipping Rescue Personnel for Flood Rescue....Pages 485-490
Surface Ice Rescue....Pages 491-494
Rescue Techniques in Submerged Vehicles....Pages 495-498
Offshore Powerboat Rescue....Pages 499-503
Spinal Injuries: Causes and Prevention....Pages 505-508
Lifesaver Injuries: Causes and Prevention....Pages 509-513
Rescue Craft Injuries: Causes and Prevention....Pages 515-520
Front Matter....Pages 521-524
Rescue Operations and Stress....Pages 387-387
Training Lifesavers to Manage Acute Stress During Emergency Response....Pages 525-530
Future Research Questions....Pages 531-534
Front Matter....Pages 535-537
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 539-539
Pathophysiology of Drowning....Pages 541-544
Aspiration....Pages 545-560
Long QT Syndrome and Drowning....Pages 561-564
Shallow Water Blackout....Pages 565-570
Immersion Pulmonary Edema....Pages 571-575
The Critical Role of Laypersons and Their Actions in Drowning Incidents....Pages 577-582
Basic Life Support Following Drowning....Pages 583-587
Drowning: A Dispatch Perspective....Pages 589-593
Automated External Defibrillators in the Aquatic Environment....Pages 595-600
Oxygen Monitoring and Use in the Drowning Victim....Pages 601-606
Airway Management Skills and Equipment for Aquatic First Responders....Pages 607-612
Immobilization and Extraction of Spinal Injuries....Pages 613-619
Positioning of the Drowning Victim....Pages 621-628
Advanced Life Support....Pages 629-633
Paediatric Considerations in Drowning....Pages 635-639
Resuscitation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Issues to Be Considered....Pages 641-649
Front Matter....Pages 651-658
First Aid Courses for the Aquatic Environment....Pages 539-539
Extremes in Medical Facilities at Beaches....Pages 659-666
Future Research Questions....Pages 667-676
Front Matter....Pages 677-679
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 681-681
Classifications of Drowning....Pages 683-684
Treatment Protocols: Emergency Department and Intensive Care Unit....Pages 685-691
Ventilatory Management of ARDS After Drowning....Pages 693-704
Surfactant Therapy....Pages 705-712
ECMO Support in Drowning Victims....Pages 713-718
Risk Factors and Treatment of Pneumonia....Pages 719-724
Cardiovascular Changes....Pages 725-730
Electrolyte Disorders, Acute Kidney Injury and Rhabdomyolysis....Pages 731-736
Drowning in Children....Pages 737-743
Lessons Learned from Case Reports....Pages 745-750
Recommended Guidelines for Uniform Reporting of Data from Drowning: The Utstein Style....Pages 751-756
Future Research Questions....Pages 757-765
Front Matter....Pages 767-768
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 769-769
Introduction....Pages 771-773
Pre-hospital Management....Pages 775-776
Brain-Oriented Intensive Care Management....Pages 777-779
Front Matter....Pages 781-786
Temperature Management....Pages 769-769
Pediatric Considerations in Drowning....Pages 787-793
Neuromonitoring....Pages 795-797
Biomarkers....Pages 799-810
Post-hypoxic Pharmacology....Pages 811-815
Animal Experimentation....Pages 817-824
Future Research Questions....Pages 825-830
Front Matter....Pages 831-835
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 837-837
The Physiology of Cooling in Cold Water....Pages 839-841
Body Cooling, Modelling and Risk Assessment....Pages 843-848
Rescue Collapse Following Cold Water Immersion....Pages 849-853
The Role of Seasickness....Pages 855-858
Lifejackets and Other Lifesaving Appliances....Pages 859-862
Personal Lifesaving Equipment Other than Lifejackets....Pages 863-867
Pre-hospital Management of Immersion Hypothermia....Pages 869-873
Hospital Rewarming of Hypothermic Victims....Pages 875-880
Hospital Treatment of Hypothermia Victims in Cardiorespiratory Arrest....Pages 881-891
Fluid Management During the Treatment of Immersion Hypothermia....Pages 893-898
Adrenergic Drug Responses During Immersion Hypothermia....Pages 899-906
Acid–Base Management During Accidental Hypothermia....Pages 907-911
Front Matter....Pages 913-915
An International Data Registration for Accidental Hypothermia: The International Hypothermia Registry....Pages 837-837
International Data Registration for Accidental and Immersion Hypothermia: The UK National Immersion Incident Survey – Revisited....Pages 917-919
An International Data Registration for Accidental and Immersion Hypothermia: The SARRRAH Project....Pages 921-923
Future Research Questions....Pages 925-927
Front Matter....Pages 929-932
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 933-933
Disasters at Sea....Pages 935-938
Boat Refugees....Pages 939-947
Loss of Life Due to Floods: General Overview....Pages 949-955
Dealing with Citizen Response and Evacuation During Large-Scale Flooding in Industrial Societies....Pages 957-965
Water Rescue, Treatment and Lifesaving....Pages 967-977
The Future Role of National Lifesaving Organisations in Disaster Risk Reduction....Pages 979-986
The Role of Lifesavers in Flood Disasters: An Example from Germany....Pages 987-993
Tsunami and the Role of the Japan Lifesaving Association....Pages 995-999
Flood Preparedness Training and Exercises....Pages 1001-1008
Evacuation of Hospitals and Other Health-Care Organizations....Pages 1009-1016
Lessons from the Evacuation of a New Orleans Hospital During Katrina....Pages 1017-1025
Towards Resilient Organisation of Recovery and Care after Disaster....Pages 1027-1031
Experience-Based Expertise with Flood-Risk Management and Flood Preparedness in the Netherlands....Pages 1033-1038
UK Summer Floods 2007....Pages 1039-1045
Experience-Based Expertise with Flooding in China....Pages 1047-1055
Front Matter....Pages 1057-1065
The 2004 and 2011 Indian Ocean Tsunami Flooding....Pages 933-933
The Australian Experience and the Queensland Floods of 2010–2011....Pages 1067-1073
Future Research Questions....Pages 1075-1084
Front Matter....Pages 1085-1087
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 1089-1089
Physiology....Pages 1091-1093
The Underlying Physics and Applied Physiology....Pages 1095-1098
Diving Techniques....Pages 1099-1102
Epidemiology of Drowning while Diving....Pages 1103-1104
Physical, Mental and Medical Fitness....Pages 1105-1105
Causation of Drowning Accidents in Relation to Training....Pages 1107-1108
Underwater Self-Rescue and Assisted Rescue: Training to Cope with Emergencies....Pages 1109-1110
Immediate Treatment of the Drowned Diver....Pages 1111-1112
First Aid Guidelines....Pages 1113-1114
Diving Accident Investigations....Pages 1115-1117
The Investigation of SCUBA Diving Fatalities....Pages 1119-1120
Future Research Questions....Pages 1121-1130
Front Matter....Pages 1131-1132
Summary and Recommendations....Pages 1133-1133
Investigating Drowning Accidents: General Principles....Pages 1135-1139
Behaviour of Dead Bodies in Water....Pages 1141-1147
Search and Recovery in Nearshore Waters....Pages 1149-1152
Front Matter....Pages 1153-1157
Searching for Dead Bodies with Dogs....Pages 1133-1133
Searching for Dead Bodies with Sonar....Pages 1159-1160
Infrared Detection Systems (IDS)....Pages 1161-1165
Computer Systems....Pages 1167-1170
Underwater Search and Evidence Response Teams....Pages 1171-1173
Establishing the Cause and Manner of Death for Bodies Found in Water....Pages 1175-1177
Multidisciplinary Safety Investigations of Drowning Accidents....Pages 1179-1189
Legal Aspects and Litigation in Aquatic Lifesaving....Pages 1191-1198
Legal Claims in Drowning Cases....Pages 1199-1201
Legal and Ethical Aspects Concerning Human Remains in Water and Burial at Sea....Pages 1203-1209
Marine Accident Investigations: Towards Safety Investigations....Pages 1211-1217
Future Research Questions....Pages 1219-1223
Back Matter....Pages 1225-1229
....Pages 1231-1269