Drought Management and Planning for Water Resources

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
About the Editors......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
Water management in Mediterranean regions prone to drought: The Júcar Basin experience......Page 14
1.1 Introduction......Page 15
1.2 Current Spanish legal framework......Page 16
1.3 Droughts in the Júcar Basin Agency......Page 17
1.4 Indicators and watch alert systems in the JBA......Page 18
1.5.1 Measures in the 1990-1995 drought......Page 20
1.5.2 Measures taken in the 1998-2002 drought......Page 21
1.5.2.2 Legal framework......Page 27
1.5.2.3 Complementary administrative measures......Page 28
References......Page 30
Criteria for marginal water treatment and reuse under drought conditions......Page 32
2.1 Introduction......Page 33
2.2 Potential applications for marginal waters......Page 34
2.2.1 Agricultural irrigation......Page 35
2.2.2 Ground water recharge......Page 36
2.2.4 Urban reuse......Page 37
2.3.1.1 Existing standards for water reuse in non-Mediterranean countries......Page 39
2.3.1.2 Existing standards for water reuse in Mediterranean countries......Page 41
2.4 Proposed criteria and guidelines for marginal water treatment and reuse......Page 43
2.4.1.2 Health protection measures......Page 45
2.4.1.4 Wastewater reuse system monitoring: Issues and recommendations......Page 46
2.4.2 Guidelines for the reuse of marginal water for ground water recharge......Page 47
2.4.2.1 Aquifer characterization: Issues and recommendations......Page 48
2.4.2.2 Recharge techniques: Issues and recommendations......Page 49
2.4.3 Guidelines for marginal water urban reuse......Page 51
2.5 Cost analysis for marginal water treatment......Page 52
2.6.1 Development and implementation......Page 54
2.6.2 E-Wa-TRO application......Page 56
2.7 Conclusion......Page 58
2.8 Acknowledgment......Page 59
References......Page 60
Strategies for the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater......Page 62
3.1 Introduction......Page 63
3.2.1 Artificial recharge......Page 66
3.2.2 Alternate conjunctive use......Page 68
3.2.3 Stream-aquifer systems......Page 74
3.3 Comparison between artificial recharge and alternate use......Page 75
3.4.2 Use of karstic springs......Page 76
3.4.3 Alleviation of land drainage and salinization in irrigated areas and conjunctive use......Page 77
3.5 Conjunctive use potential in developing countries......Page 78
3.6 Analysis of conjunctive use systems......Page 79
3.7 Methods of analysis......Page 81
3.8 Conclusion and recommendations......Page 82
References......Page 83
Optimization model for the conjunctive use of conventional and marginal waters......Page 86
4.1 Introduction......Page 87
4.2.1 Modeling approaches and software tools......Page 90
4.2.2 Optimization under uncertainty: The scenario optimization......Page 93
4.2.3 Hydrologic series generation for scenario optimization......Page 96
4.2.4 Considering water quality conditions in water system optimization......Page 97
4.2.5 Quality indices using hydrological scenario generation......Page 98
4.2.6 Correlation between a-chlorophyll concentration and hydrologic contribution......Page 101
4.2.7 Evaluation of the potential use index......Page 103
4.3 The optimization package WARGI: Water Resources System Optimization Aided by Graphical Interface......Page 104
4.3.1 Problem formalization......Page 105
4.3.2 Identification of network components and sets......Page 109
4.3.3 Required data......Page 110
4.3.4 Constraints formalization in the optimization model......Page 113
4.3.5 Objective function formalization in the optimization model......Page 117
4.4 WARGI graphical interface......Page 119
4.5.1 Flumendosa-Campidano water system......Page 121
4.5.2 Júcar water system......Page 125
4.5.3 Salso-Simeto water system......Page 127
4.6 Conclusion......Page 128
References......Page 129
5.1 Introduction......Page 132
5.3 Drought decision support......Page 134
5.3.1 Background......Page 135
5.3.2 Planning DSS features......Page 136
5.3.3 System calibration, verification, and testing......Page 137
5.3.4 The prototype model......Page 138
5.4.1 The Rio Grande watershed......Page 139
5.4.2 The Finger Lakes Region in New York State......Page 140
5.5 National drought management planning......Page 141
5.6 Conclusion......Page 144
References......Page 145
Methodology for the analysis of drought mitigation measures in water resource systems......Page 146
6.1 Introduction......Page 147
6.2 Operative drought......Page 148
6.3 Time scales and the space factor in the analysis of operative droughts......Page 149
6.4 Analysis, characterization, and monitoring of operative droughts......Page 150
6.5 Methodology of the analysis......Page 151
6.5.1 Identification of the water resource system......Page 153
6.5.1.1 Precipitation-runoff models......Page 154
6.5.1.3 Mixed models......Page 155
6.5.2 Definition and validation of the complete model of the system of water resources......Page 156
6.5.3 Use of DSS to determine propensity to operative drought in a water resource system......Page 157
6.5.4 Identification and definition of possible measures for reducing the propensity to operative droughts (pro-active measures)......Page 159
6.5.7 Design of emergency plans against droughts......Page 160
6.5.10 Identification and definition of possible measures to mitigate the effects of a possible short-term operative drought (reactive measures)......Page 161
6.6 The Aquatool environment for the development of decision support systems......Page 162
6.7.1 System of the Júcar......Page 171
6.7.2 The system of the Turia......Page 173
6.7.3 The system of the Mijares......Page 174
6.7.4 Marina Baja system......Page 176
6.8 Conclusion......Page 177
6.9 Acknowledgments......Page 178
References......Page 179
Droughts and the European water framework directive: Implications on Spanish river basin districts......Page 182
7.2 Droughts in the WFD......Page 183
7.3 Drought planning legal framework in Spain......Page 184
7.5 Drought indicators for the Spanish territory......Page 186
7.6 The Júcar River Basin District......Page 187
7.6.2 Drought indicators in the Júcar River Basin District......Page 195
7.6.3 The Júcar River Basin Drought Special Plan......Page 199
7.7 Conclusion......Page 203
References......Page 204
Water reuse and desalination at Comunitat-Valenciana region, Spain......Page 206
8.2 Legislative, territorial, and social framework......Page 207
8.3 Water situation of Comunitat-Valenciana......Page 208
8.4.2 Reuse at Comunitat-Valenciana......Page 209
8.5.1 Desalination in Spain......Page 211
8.5.2 Desalination at Comunitat-Valenciana......Page 212
8.7 Acknowledgment......Page 213
References......Page 214
Role of decision support system and multicriteria methods for the assessment of drought mitigation measures......Page 216
9.1 Introduction......Page 217
9.2.1 Measures for coping with drought......Page 218
9.2.2 Multicriteria assessment of drought mitigation measures within the framework of a proactive approach......Page 222
9.3.1.1 Description of the system......Page 223
9.3.1.2 Assessment of vulnerability to drought of the system in the current configuration......Page 225
9.3.1.3 Alternatives for drought mitigation......Page 227
9.3.1.4 Performance of the system under different drought mitigation measures......Page 230
9.3.1.5 Identification of evaluation criteria and stakeholders......Page 232
9.3.1.7 Conflict analysis......Page 234
9.3.2.2 Definition of long-term measures and alternatives......Page 237
9.3.2.3 Identification of evaluation criteria and stakeholders......Page 239
9.3.2.4 Assessment of alternatives (impact and conflict analysis)......Page 241
9.3.3.1 Description of the Júcar system......Page 244
9.3.3.2 Definition of mitigation measures and alternatives......Page 245
9.3.3.3 Identification of evaluation criteria and stakeholders......Page 246
9.3.3.4 Assessment of alternatives (impact and conflict analysis)......Page 247
9.4 Conclusion......Page 251
References......Page 252
Index......Page 254