Driverless Cars, Urban Parking and Land Use

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of exhibits
List of tables
Notes on contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1. Introduction: no parking, fine! The effect of driverless vehicles on parking and land use
	Background trends
	Transition time
	Parking and land use
	Policy
	Case studies
	References
2. Identification of major vehicle-related hardware and technological trends
	Driverless cars: levels of automation, and likely DV adoption phases
	Definitions, software, and hardware components in the driverless vehicle environment
	Testing of vehicles and non-car DV fleets
	Electric/hybrid cars: product development, market players,
subsidies, charging infrastructure, impacts on air quality,
and the price of fossil fuels
	US and international industry leaders in electric vehicle technology
	Corporate mobility fleet ownership adoption models need lower vehicle operation costs
	Summary
	References
3. Tastes and preferences and behavioral change in transportation modal choices and car ownership
	Private cars dominate current transit modes
	Definition of the eight personal transportation modes and some trends
	Modal choice literature focusing on DV-related issues
	Potential cost savings for households from using DVs
	Original survey work on driving/ride-sharing choices
	Chapter summary
	Notes
	References
	Appendix 3A: Survey of Shared-Ride Passengers
4. Government regulation of the transition to driverless/ autonomous cars
	Introduction and justification
	Role of government regulation
	US state regulation of driverless vehicles
	Driverless vehicle laws in other countries
	Chapter summary: lessons and take-aways, emerging, or unresolved issues
	References
5. Ethical issues from the transition to driverless/automated cars
	Introduction and justification
	Safety issues: traffic fatalities in the United States
	Potential employment impacts from driverless vehicles: who wins, who loses?
	Legal liability: who is responsible for an accident?
	The ethics of DV programming: who bears the risk in an accident; are the car’s occupants disposable?
	Other ethical issues on the horizon
	Driver assist safety in the transition period
	Cybersecurity
	Data ownership and privacy ethics
	Chapter summary: lessons and take-aways, emerging or unresolved issues
	References
6. The past adoption and transition time periods of five disruptive technologies
	Introduction
	Horses to automobiles
	Film to digital cameras
	Landlines to cell phones
	Brick-and-mortar to e-commerce
	Marijuana legislation
	Summary
	References
7. A road too steep and too long: the scientific case against plausible evolution of driverless cars
	Inadequate technology
	Cybersecurity
	Additional evidence on safety and regulation
	Known cyber hacking of DVs to date
	The counter points
	Systems security expert’s reaction
	Market signals
	Conclusion
	References
8. Any early signs of softness in the parking markets in capital markets and parking sale prices?
	Background trends
	Any early signs of parking asset softness in the parking-dominated bond markets?
	Any early signs of soft parking prices using individual transactions?
	Conclusions: any evidence of aprice reduction or risk premium?
	References
	Appendix 8A
Methodology for analysis of
single-property parking lot and structure
sales and data supplement for the four
markets
9. The forward-looking adoption timeline for driverless cars and corporate owned fleets
	General literature pertinent to assumptions about DV adoption
	Driverless car technology adoption timing forecasts
	Market signals and corroboration of coming DV adoption
	Tech adoption from Chapter 6
	Process of arriving at updated forecasts of DV adoption
	Driverless vehicle and modal choice adoption forecasts
	Summary of findings
	References
10. Current parking regulations and parking market standards in the United States
	History of parking: how did America’s city centers get paved over?
	National and local guidelines for residential and commercial parking
	Application of residential parking minimum standards to development costs and property values
	Commercial parking market dynamics in large- and medium-sized US cities
	Other commercial parking trends
	Chapter summary
	Note
	References
11. Urban adaptive reuse potential from the architect’s perspective
	Baseline parking structure types
	Adaptability and reuse of parking types
	Cost to create parking structures
	Potential end uses for parking structures and their space requirements
	Application: considerations in establishing ahighest and best use (HBU) strategy
	Adaptive reuse costs
	Summary of potential outcomes for rehab of parking structures
	References
	Appendix 11A Parking Structure Analysis Matrix
12. A breakdown of parking spaces by type in 15 US metropolitan areas
	Research approach
	Demographics of residential vehicle ownership and commuting time
	Parking in housing
	Multi-family parking
	Retail land use: trends and parking outlook
	Office land use: parking spaces
	Parking structures
	Overall parking supply
	Chapter summary
	References
	Appendix 12A Data table for all 15 cities, all parking spaces
	Appendix 12B Institutional parking spaces
13. Where would the driverless car fleet rest during the day?
	Introduction
	Summary of driverless vehicle and modal choice adoption forecasts
	Case study analysis of net parking demand in downtown Cleveland, Ohio
	Existing parking supply
	Alternative parking locations near downtown to accommodate robotaxi fleets
	Potential reuse of excess parking spaces downtown
	Suburban accommodation of overnight parking
	Conclusion
	References
14. Parking at home: transformational changes at the unit and subdivision levels
	Baseline look at attached and detached residential garages, by location and vintage
	Home garages in new construction in 2017
	Garage parking and its influence on residential property values
	Design changes for the one-car garage to no-car garage
	Design changes for a two-car garage to no-car-garage
	Design changes for a three-car garage to one-car garage
	Design changes for a four-car garage to one-car garage
	Land use changes at the subdivision level
	Chapter summary
	References
15. Policy implications: transition period
	Introduction to driverless vehicle policy
	Transitional policy for driverless vehicle technology transformation
	Transitional policy for transit use and modal choice
	Transitional policy for subdivision land use, private investment, and developers
	Transitional policy for zoning and parking regulations for cities
	Transitional policy for public subsidy
	Ethics and economic development grab bag
	References
16. Policy implications: in the long run
	Introduction to driverless vehicle long-run policy issues
	Long-term policy for technology transformation: I2V support
	Transitional policy for transit use and modal choice
	Long-run policy for land use, zoning, private investment, and developers
	Long run policy for street use and parking regulations
	Long-run policy for public subsidy
	Job impacts of driverless vehicle adoption
	National job first-order loss and gain projections
	Long-run ethical issues
	References
17. Policy implications and generalizability to large European and Asian cities, plus some final thoughts on DV adoption
	Similarities and differences between the US and the rest of the world on DV-related matters
	International DV adoption forecasts
	Infrastructure and overall market readiness
	DV adoption timetable predictions for urban markets in selected countries
	The ethical dimension: programming vehicles’ accident avoidance settings differently for local tastes and preferences
	Potential job losses or gains from DVs
	Transitional and long-run policy for technology transformation, in Europe and Asia
	Transitional and long-run policy for zoning and parking regulations in Europe and Asia
	Transitional and long-run policy, public subsidy, and private investment in Europe and Asia
	Wrapping up the book: final thoughts
	References
18. Introduction to parking structure adaptive reuse case studies
	Actual existing rehabbed parking structures
	Private existing newer buildings designed with flexible parking in mind that can be converted to parking at a
future date
	Proposed or under construction new buildings designed with
flexible parking in mind that could be converted to parking at
a future date
	Public parking structures to be built with redevelopment
potential in mind
	Lessons learned from the cases at a
high level
	References
19. The Wedge: a parking expansion and adaptive reuse case study in Grand Rapids, Michigan
	Introduction to Grand Rapids
	Market demand
	Project concept and drivers for the Wedge: a
case study
	Site plan considerations for the Wedge site
	Potential cost savings
	Hypothetical return on project over time
	Lessons learned
	References
20.
The Summit, a Dolce Hotel: an adaptive reuse of a parking structure in Cincinnati,  Ohio
	Introduction and history
	Introduction to Cincinnati and Madisonville, Ohio
	Project location
	Market demand
	Project concept and drivers for the Summit: a
case study
	Project construction
	Political process and planning approval
	Value engineering due to the extra adaptive reuse cost
	Deal structure and financing plan
	References
Index