Drawing Lots: From Egalitarianism to Democracy in Ancient Greece

Cover
Drawing Lots
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface Josine Blok, Irad Malkin
Acknowledgements Irad Malkin, Josine Blok
Abbreviations
Introduction: Irad Malkin Greeks Drawing Lots: The Practice and the Mindset of Egalitarianism
1. An egalitarian mindset
2. From egalitarianism to democracy
3. What is new about this book? The previous discussion of the field of inquiry
4. A mindset for drawing lots
5. Vocabulary and mindset
6. Portions and fairness
7. Equality and the “middle”
8. Mixture lotteries and the egalitarian mindset
9. Mixture, equivalence, and interchangeability
10. Did Greeks draw lots to divine the will of the gods?
11. The lot and democracy, ancient and modern
12. Contents and contours: Parts I and II
Part I Irad Malkin The Lottery Mindset: Religion and Society
	1. Lotteries Divine and Human: The World of the Homeric Epics
		Endnote 1: The debate about the distribution of spoils in the Iliad and the Odyssey
		Endnote 2: “Getting by lot” and the verb lanchano
		Lanchano as simply “to get”?
		Etymology
		Endnote 3: Group distribution and the verb dateomai in Homer, Hesiod, and the Homeric Hymns
	2. When Does the Lot Reflect the Will of the Gods? Lots, Oracles, Divination, and the Notion of Moira
		2.1 Lot oracles and divination
		2.2 The god Hermes
		2.3 The lot oracle at Delphi
		2.4 Delphi: Themis, the Pythia, and the lot
		2.5 Delphi: Beans used as lots
		2.6 Delphi: Mythical history and oracular procedure
		2.7 The oracle of Dodona
		2.8 What is religious about lot oracles?
		2.9 One’s portion in life: Moira between the concrete and the abstract
	3. Sacrifice and Feast: Social Values and the Distribution of Meat by Lot
		3.1 The lot and the sacrifice: Frequency and ubiquity
		3.2 Sacrifice, equality, and sharing in the city
		3.3 Expressions of citizenship and belonging
		3.4 Honorific shares
		3.5 The lot, the victim destined for sacrifice, and the priests
		3.6 The equal feast
	5. Drawing Lots on the Athenian Stage
		5.1 Inheritance, sortition, booty, captives, and military procedures
		5.2 The lot and Aeschylus’s Seven against Thebes
	6. Founding Cities and Sharing in the Polis: Equality, Allotment, and Civic Mixture
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Section I: Things done
			6.2.1 The setting: Greek colonization
			6.2.2 Equal chances and equal outcomes: Kleros, inheritance, and colonization
			6.2.3 The archaeology of kleroi in the archaic period
			6.2.4 Egalitarianism and equality in a Greek colony
			6.2.5 Territories and grids
			6.2.6 Equal lots: Megara Hyblaia
			6.2.7 Syracuse
			6.2.8 Himera
			6.2.9 Perimeters
			6.2.10 Classical colonization
			6.2.11 Athenian klerouchies
		6.3 Section II: Things said: The lot, the “first plot,” equality, and the  unity of the kleros
			6.3.1 The First Lots articulated
			6.3.2 First Lots: Inclusion and exclusion
			6.3.3 First Lots and equality: Was there an aristocracy among  Greek colonists?
			6.3.4 First Lots and equality: Social and economic differentiation
			6.3.5 Things said: The kleros and the polis
			6.3.6 Quasihistorical accounts: Sparta and its colony Thera
			6.3.7 Quasihistorical accounts: The great migrations
			6.3.8 Religion and the distribution of kleroi
			6.3.9 Equal and fair: Isos kai homoios
			6.3.10 How to found a colony? Late archaic and classical inscriptions
			6.3.11 Saving a polis: Lottery, mixture, and social engineering
		Endnote 1: The cui bono argument and the ancient sources
		Endnote 2: Isomoiria
		Endnote 3: Women and the kleros
		Endnote 4: Archaeology and “text-​based information”
	PART III :DRAWING LOTS IN POLIS GOVERNANCE
		7. Setting the Stage
			7.1 Introduction
				7.1.1 The lot becomes political
				7.1.2 Agents, time frame, and sources
			7.2 What did poleis use the lot for?
				7.2.1 Divination
				7.2.2 Selection
				7.2.3 Distribution
				7.2.4 Procedure
				7.2.5 Military command: procedure and distribution
			7.3 The political background of office distribution in ancient Greece
				7.3.1 Polis offices and social value (time)
				7.3.2 Drawing lots for office: A special case
				7.3.3 Political inequality and equality in the Greek poleis
	8. Drawing Lots for Polis Office
		8.1 Introducing the lot for office
			8.1.1 The lot in Solon’s politeia
			8.1.2 Solon’s introduction of the lot: A first anchorage
			8.1.3 Solon’s politeia: The council and the court
		8.2 Political divergence and patterns of allotment
			8.2.1 Allotment for polis office in oligarchies
			8.2.2 Democratic Athens
				8.2.2.1 Cleisthenes’s constitution
				8.2.2.2 Did Cleisthenes reintroduce allotment for political office?
				8.2.2.3 Forerunners of Cleisthenes’s innovations
				8.2.2.4 Reforms in the mid-​fifth century: Toward full allotment
			8.2.3 Selection for office by lot elsewhere in ancient Greece
				8.2.3.1 Drawing lots for political office outside Athens
			8.2.4 Drawing lots for cultic offices, in Athens and beyond
		Endnote 1: The historicity of Solon and his laws
		Endnote 2: The Ath.Pol. and the Politics on Solon’s constitution
		Endnote 3: Ath.Pol. 8.1 on the procedure in Solon’s klerosis ek prokriton
		Endnote 4: The vocabulary of the lot in the Ancient Near East
		Endnote 5: Solon’s council of four hundred
		Endnote 6: The diagramma for Cyrene
		Endnote 7: The new body politic in Cleisthenes’s system
		Endnote 8: Allotment tokens from Athens
	9. Drawing Lots for Governance: A Political Innovation
		9.1 Drawing lots for polis governance: An evaluation
			9.1.1 Ancient Greeks on selection for office by lot
			9.1.2 What does selection for office by lot mean for polis governance? Some modern views
		9.2 Conclusions: Drawing lots for polis governance in ancient Greece
				Endnote: James W. Headlam, Election by Lot at Athens (Prince Consort dissertation 1890; London 1891)
		PART IV CONCLUSIONS AND ENVOI
			Irad Malkin Conclusions and Implications
				1 The mindset: Antiquity, Ubiquity, and Religion
				2 Equality and fairness
				3 Group definition
				4 The will of the gods
				5 Lot oracles
				6 Frequency, ubiquity, and sacrifice
				7 Partible inheritance by lot
				8 New foundations
				9 Cleisthenes and the constitutive lottery
				10 Our modern democracies
PART II IRAD MALKINEQUAL AND FAIR:INHERITANCE, COLONIZATION, AND MIXTURE
	4. Partible Inheritance by Lot
		4.1 Brothers sharing an inheritance
		4.2 Equality versus primogeniture
		4.3 The oikos and the kleros
		4.4 Inheritance at home and abroad
		4.5 Poetry and myth
Josine Blok Envoi: Drawing Lots Today: Fair Distribution and a Stronger Democracy
Elena Iaffe Appendix: A Lexicographical Survey of Lottery Practices in the Archaic and Classical Periods
	Lexicographic overview of the key terms of lottery
	1.  Instruments used in lottery practices
	2.  Words indicating a participant in a lottery
	3.  Words for the procedure of drawing lots
	4.  Verbs of lottery practices
	5.  The semantic fields of the disputed key terms of lottery: lanchano and kleros
	6. List of references for key lottery terms in archaic and classical Greek literature and inscriptions
	Key lottery terms, excluding metaphoric usages
	Metaphoric and idiomatic usages of lottery terms
	Epigraphic evidence for lottery, excluding metaphorical usages  (a selection up to the end of the fourth cent.)
Bibliography
Index of Names and Places