Drainage Basin Dynamics: An Introduction to Morphology, Landscape and Modelling

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction to Drainage Basin Dynamics: Morphology, Landscape and Modelling
	Abstract
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Key Aims of the Book
	1.3 Organization of This Volume
	References
2 Morphological Dynamics, Erosion Potential and Morphogenesis of Badlands in Laterites of the Bengal Basin, India
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Geomorphic Identities of Study Area
	2.3 Materials and Methods
		2.3.1 Secondary Data Collection
		2.3.2 Digital Topographic Analysis
		2.3.3 Topology of Drainage Network
		2.3.4 Morphometric Attributes
		2.3.5 SCS-CN Method and Runoff–Sediment Yield Coupling
		2.3.6 Quantitative Measures of Gully Erosion Potential
	2.4 Results and Interpretation
		2.4.1 Stream Ordering System in Gullies
		2.4.2 Fractal Dimension of Drainage Network (FDDN)
		2.4.3 Model of Stream Magnitude and Channel Link
		2.4.4 Linear Aspects of Gullies
		2.4.5 Slope and Relief Aspects of Gullies and Statistical Inference
		2.4.6 Topographic Threshold of Gully Initiation
		2.4.7 Rainfall–Runoff Simulation and Sediment Yield
	2.5 Discussion
		2.5.1 Triggers of Gully Development
		2.5.2 Local Triggers
		2.5.3 Upstream Triggers
		2.5.4 Downstream Triggers
		2.5.5 Geochronology of Gully Initiation
		2.5.6 Connectivity Model of Badland Evolution
	2.6 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Plan Shape Geomorphology of Alluvial Valley in the Middle-Lower and Deltaic Courses of the Subarnarekha River Basin, India
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Materials and Methods
		3.2.1 Study Area
		3.2.2 Database and Data Processing
		3.2.3 Extraction of Landform Terraces and Morphological Features
		3.2.4 Geometrical Analysis
		3.2.5 Sedimentological Analysis
	3.3 Results and Discussion
		3.3.1 Fluvio-Marine Environments and Landform Terraces
		3.3.2 Geometrical Diversity of River Course
		3.3.3 Plan Shape Geomorphology and Depositional Environments
			3.3.3.1 Geomorphological Features in the Upper Cut and Fill Valley Terrace
			3.3.3.2 Geomorphological Features in the Lower Cut and Fill Valley Terrace
			3.3.3.3 Geomorphological Features in the Deltaplain
		3.3.4 Morphology of Mid-Channel bar
	3.4 Sedimentary Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments
	3.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Quantitative Assessment of Channel Planform Dynamics and Meander Bend Evolution of the Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Study Area
	4.3 Database and Methodology
		4.3.1 Data Acquisition
		4.3.2 Image Processing
		4.3.3 Channel Planform Parameters
		4.3.4 Delineation of Bank Lines
		4.3.5 Determining Bank Line Migration
		4.3.6 Meander Bend Morphology
	4.4 Result
		4.4.1 Active Channel Width (ACW)
		4.4.2 Active Channel Total Channel Width Ratio (ACTCWR)
		4.4.3 Channel Length (CL)
		4.4.4 Channel Sinuosity (CS)
		4.4.5 Braiding Index (BI)
		4.4.6 Active Channel Area (ACA)
		4.4.7 Channel Belt Area (CBA)
		4.4.8 Active Channel Area-Channel Belt Ratio (ACACBR)
		4.4.9 Sandbar Number and Types
		4.4.10 Sandbar Area Active Channel Area Ratio (SAACAR)
		4.4.11 Channel Centreline Migration
		4.4.12 Bank Line Migration
		4.4.13 Meander Bend Dynamics
			4.4.13.1 Meander Bend Radius (Rmb)
			4.4.13.2 Meander Bend Width (Wmb)
			4.4.13.3 Meander Bend Curvature Channel Width Ratio (Rcw)
			4.4.13.4 Length of Meander Bend (Lmb)
			4.4.13.5 Meander Bend Amplitude (Amb)
			4.4.13.6 Wavelength of Meander Bend (Wmb)
			4.4.13.7 Meander Bend Sinuosity (Smb)
	4.5 Discussion
		4.5.1 Dynamics of Channel Planform Parameters
		4.5.2 Changes in Channel Pattern/Growth of Bars and Islands
		4.5.3 Trend of Channel Migration
		4.5.4 Pattern of Bank Line Migration
		4.5.5 Role of Flood in Channel Planform Change and Channel Migration
		4.5.6 Role of Dam on Channel Planform
		4.5.7 Evolution of Meander Bend Parameters
		4.5.8 Mechanism of Change in Meander Bend Morphology
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5 Changes of Flow Regime in Response to River Interventions in the Barakar River, India
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Barakar River: Geomorphic and Climatic Settings
	5.3 Materials and Methods
	5.4 Results and Discussions
		5.4.1 Temporal Trend of Rainfall and Discharge Using the Mann–Kendall Test
		5.4.2 Variability in Hydrological Characteristics of the Barakar River
			5.4.2.1 Temporal Change in Seasonal Flow Discharge
			5.4.2.2 Late Shifting of the Hydrograph at the Maithon Hydraulic Station
			5.4.2.3 The Trend of Maximum (Qmax) and Minimum (Qmin) Flow Discharge at Tilaiya and Maithon Hydraulic Station:
		5.4.3 Relationship Between Discharge and Rainfall of Two Stations on the Barakar River Basin
	5.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Landscape Characterization using Geomorphometric Parameters for a Small Sub-Humid River Basin of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, Eastern India
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Materials and Methods
		6.2.1 Database
		6.2.2 Data Analysis
		6.2.3 Extraction of Morphometric Parameters
	6.3 Study Area
		6.3.1 River Course and Basin Physiography
		6.3.2 Climatic Attributes and Soil Cover
		6.3.3 Basin Lithology
		6.3.4 Basin Geomorphology
	6.4 Results and Discussions
		6.4.1 Enumerated Morphometric Parameters
		6.4.2 Statistical Analysis of enumerated Morphometric Parameters
		6.4.4 Relating changing LULC attributes with the Terrain Units
	6.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 River Raidak-I Migration Dynamics Within Himalayan Foreland Basin Applying Quaternary Sedimentological Bank Facies and Geospatial Techniques
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Study Area
	7.3 Materials and Methods
		7.3.1 Data Acquisition
		7.3.2 Bank Line Change Detection and Measurement of Lateral Channel Migration
		7.3.3 Bank Facies Study
		7.3.4 Statistical Techniques
	7.4 Results
		7.4.1 Channel Sinuosity
		7.4.2 Radius of Curvature (Rc)
		7.4.3 Channel Width
		7.4.4 Short-Term Riverbank Erosion and Accretion Trend
		7.4.5 Long-Term Riverbank Erosion and Accretion Trend
		7.4.6 Short-Term Channel Migration
		7.4.7 Long-Term Channel Migration
		7.4.8 Quaternary Sedimentary Bank Facies
	7.5 Discussion
	7.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Spatio-Temporal Variation of Morphological Characteristics in Bhagirathi River—Case Study in Murshidabad District, West Bengal (India)
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Study Area
	8.3 Materials and Methods
		8.3.1 Data Used
		8.3.2 Digitization of Satellite Data
		8.3.3 Cross-Sectional Analysis
		8.3.4 Identification of Morphological Characteristics
		8.3.5 Hydraulic Sinuosity Index (HSI)
		8.3.6 Braiding Index (BI)
		8.3.7 Entrenchment Ratio (ER)
		8.3.8 Statistical Analysis
	8.4 Results
		8.4.1 Morphometric Pattern at Different Time Intervals
	8.5 Discussion
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9 Sedimentation and Shifting of Lower Mundeswari and Rupnarayan River, West Bengal, India
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Study Area
	9.3 Database and Methodology
		9.3.1 River Velocity
		9.3.2 River Discharge
		9.3.3 Carrying Capacity
		9.3.5 Bank-Full Index
		9.3.6 Stream Power
		9.3.7 Size of Grain and Particles
		9.3.8 Channel Shifting
		9.3.9 Sedimentation Analysis
			9.3.9.1 River Channel Cross Profile
	9.4 Results
		9.4.1 Different Kinds of Criteria on River Rupnarayan and Mundeswari
	9.5 Discussion
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10 Role of Controlling Factors in the Development of Drainage Around Rajmahal Hills, Jharkhand and West Bengal
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Study Area
	10.3 Database and Methodology
	10.4 Result and Discussion
		10.4.1 Drainage Characteristics
			10.4.1.1 Linear Aspects
				Stream Number
				Mean Stream Length
				Stream Length Ratio (RL)
				Bifurcation Ratio (Rb)
				Stream Length-Gradient Index
				The Best-Fit Functions to River Longitudinal Profiles
				Drainage Density (Dd)
				Stream Frequency (Sf)
				Constant of Channel Maintenance (CCM)
				Length of Overland Flow (Lo)
				Drainage Texture
		10.4.2 Topographic Characteristics
			10.4.2.1 Relative Relief (Rr)
			10.4.2.2 Average Slope (as)
			10.4.2.3 Hypsometric Index (Hi)
		10.4.3 Geology
		10.4.4 Vegetation
		10.4.5 Controls on Drainage
			10.4.5.1 Topography
			10.4.5.2 Geology
			10.4.5.3 Lithology
			10.4.5.4 Drainage Network and Lineament in Relation to the Structure
		10.4.6 Climate
		10.4.7 Vegetation
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 Analyzing Morphometric Attributes of Kopai River Basin of West Bengal, India, Using Geospatial Technology
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Study Area
	11.3 Materials and Methods
	11.4 Result and Discussion
		11.4.1 Quantitative Study of Different Geomorphic Attributes
			11.4.1.1 Relief Attributes
				Absolute Relief
				Relative Relief
				Average Relief
				Relief Variability Index
				Dissection Index
			11.4.1.2 Slope Attributes
				Actual and Average Slope
				Slope Variability Index
				Slope Aspect
			11.4.1.3 Drainage Attributes
				Stream Order
				Stream Number
				Stream Length
				Bifurcation Ratio
				Drainage Density
				Ruggedness Index
				Drainage Texture
			11.4.1.4 Basin Geometry
				Circulatory Ratio
				Elongation Ratio
				Form Factor
		11.4.2 Relationship Among Different Geomorphic Attributes
			11.4.2.1 Intra-relation Among Different Relief, Slope and Drainage Parameters
				Simple Correlation Analysis
				Partial Correlation Analysis
			11.4.2.2 Inter-relationship of Different Relief, Slope and Drainage Parameters
				Simple Correlation Analysis
				Principal Component Analysis to Identify Major Controlling Variables
		11.4.3 Identification of Stage of Landform Evolution
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Impact Assessment of Check Dam in the Pappiredipatti Watershed (South India) Using LULC and NDVI Signatures
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Study Area
	12.3 Material and Methods
	12.4 Result and Discussion
		12.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover Changes
		12.4.2 Validation and Simulations of LU/LC
		12.4.3 Effect of Land Use Change
		12.4.4 Proximity of WCS Function by NDVI
		12.4.5 Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis
			12.4.5.1 Shannon’s Diversity Index (H)
			12.4.5.2 Simpson’s Diversity Index (D)
		12.4.6 Field Photographs of the Inspected Area
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13 Morphometric Analysis for Prioritizing Sub-watershed and Management Using Geospatial Technique
	Abstract
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Study Area
	13.3 Materials and Method
		13.3.1 Data Used
		13.3.2 Method
			13.3.2.1 Delineation of Stream Network
			13.3.2.2 Quantitative Analysis of Morphometric Characteristics
			13.3.2.3 Sub-watershed Prioritization
	13.4 Result and Discussion
		13.4.1 Morphometric Aspect
		13.4.2 Linear Aspects
			13.4.2.1 Stream Order (Os)
			13.4.2.2 Stream Length (Lu)
			13.4.2.3 Mean Stream Length (Lsm)
			13.4.2.4 Stream Length Ratio (Rl)
			13.4.2.5 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb)
			13.4.2.6 Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbm)
		13.4.3 Areal Aspects
			13.4.3.1 Basin Length (Lb)
			13.4.3.2 Drainage Density (Dd)
			13.4.3.3 Texture Ratio (Rt)
			13.4.3.4 Stream Frequency (Fs)
			13.4.3.5 Form Factor (Ff)
			13.4.3.6 Elongation Ratio (Re)
			13.4.3.7 Circularity Ratio (Rc)
			13.4.3.8 Length of Overland Flow (Lg)
		13.4.4 Relief Aspects
			13.4.4.1 Relative Relief (RR)
			13.4.4.2 Relief Ratio (Rh)
			13.4.4.3 Dissection Index (DI)
			13.4.4.4 Ruggedness Number (Rn)
		13.4.5 Sub-Watershed Prioritization
	13.5 Conclusions
	References
14 Spatio-temporal Variation of Channel Migration and Vulnerability Assessment: A Case Study of Bhagirathi River Within Barddhaman District, West Bengal, India
	Abstract
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Study Area: General Geographical Settings
	14.3 Materials and Methods
		14.3.1 Database
		14.3.2 Methodology
			14.3.2.1 Data Processing
			14.3.2.2 Data Analysis
	14.4 Results and Discussion
		14.4.1 Changing Pattern of the Bhagirathi River from 1930 to 1987
		14.4.2 Changing Pattern of the Bhagirathi River from 1987 to 1997
		14.4.3 Changing Pattern of the Bhagirathi River from 1997 to 2008
		14.4.4 Changing Pattern of the Bhagirathi River from 2008 to 2018
		14.4.5 Bank Line Dynamics of the Bhagirathi River: Socio-economic Impacts
		14.4.6 Chances of Vulnerability of the Areas Adjacent to the Bhagirathi River
	14.5 Data Validation
	14.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Disclosure Statement
	References
15 Alluvial Channel Dynamic Associated with LULC Change in Himalayan Foothill
	Abstract
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Study Area
	15.3 Database and Methodology
		15.3.1 Database
		15.3.2 Methodology
			15.3.2.1 Bankline Extraction
			15.3.2.2 Determination of Channel Migration, and Geometrical Parameters
			15.3.2.3 LULC Mapping and Their Change Detection
			15.3.2.4 Validation Techniques
	15.4 Results
		15.4.1 Dynamics of the Channel Migration and Meander Geometry
		15.4.2 Channel Migration
		15.4.3 Widening of Channel
		15.4.4 Radius of Curvature
		15.4.5 Sinuosity Index
		15.4.6 Meander Wavelength
		15.4.7 Meander Width
		15.4.8 Amplitude
		15.4.9 Arc Angle
		15.4.10 Direction Angle
		15.4.11 LULC Change and Channel Migration
			15.4.11.1 LULC Change
			15.4.11.2 Effect of Channel Migration on LULC Change
	15.5 Discussion
		15.5.1 Impact of Floods on Channel Migration and Changing LULC Pattern
		15.5.2 Effect of Tectonic Activity on Channel Migration and Changing LULC Pattern
		15.5.3 Human Impact on Channel Migration and Changing LULC Pattern
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
16 Preliminary Insights on the Dynamics of Flow Regime and Sediment Flux in Drainage Basin Study
	Abstract
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Concept of System and Scale in Basin Research
	16.3 Flow Regime, Flood Geomorphology, and Climate Change
	16.4 Sediment Flux in Fluvial System
	16.5 Human Interference on River System
		16.5.1 Dam: As Major Anthropogenic Factor in the Dynamics of Fluvial System
	16.6 Environmental Perspectives to Manage Rivers
	16.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
17 An Integrated Approach of River Health Assessment Based on Physico-chemical Parameters of the River Subarnarekha, India
	Abstract
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Study Area
	17.3 Methodology
		17.3.1 River Health Indicators
		17.3.2 Chemical Health Analysis
		17.3.3 Sampling Procedure
		17.3.4 Physical and Biological Health Analysis
		17.3.5 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)
	17.4 Results and Discussion
		17.4.1 Chemical Health Status
		17.4.2 Physico-biological Health Status
	17.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
18 Automatic Strahler’s Stream Order Computing on Digital Stream Network Dataset
	Abstract
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Strahler’s Stream Ordering
	18.3 Materials and Method
	18.4 Results and Discussion
		18.4.1 Define the Function 'Junction1' with an Argument 'FTNodeList'
		18.4.2 Define the Function 'Junction2' with an Argument 'HigherOrder1'
		18.4.3 Define the Function 'GroupSegment' with Two Arguments 'HigherOrder1' and 'JunList3'
		18.4.4 Identify Stream Order Third and Above
		18.4.5 Update Attribute of Stream Order
		18.4.6 Validation of Result
	18.5 Conclusions
	References
19 Morphometry-Based Subwatershed Prioritization for Flood Potentiality Analysis of the Gumani River Basin (India) Using TOPSIS
	Abstract
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Study Area
	19.3 Datasets and Methodology
		19.3.1 Datasets
		19.3.2 Methodology
		19.3.3 Extraction of Morphometric Parameters
		19.3.4 Morphometric Indices
		19.3.5 TOPSIS
	19.4 Results and Discussion
		19.4.1 Morphometric Parameters
			19.4.1.1 Linear Aspect
			19.4.1.2 Areal Aspect
			19.4.1.3 Relief Aspect
		19.4.2 Prioritization of Drainage Basins
	19.5 Conclusion
	References
20 Runoff Estimation of the Kolong River Basin in Assam, India Using NRCS-Curve Number Method and Geospatial Techniques
	Abstract
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Materials and Methods
		20.2.1 Study Area
		20.2.2 Database and Methodology
		20.2.3 NRCS-CN Model
		20.2.4 Antecedent Moisture Condition
		20.2.5 Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG)
		20.2.6 Area Weighted Curve Number
		20.2.7 Weibull’s Plotting Position
	20.3 Results and Discussions
		20.3.1 Runoff Frequency Analysis
	20.4 Conclusion
	References
21 Geomorphological Analyses of Third-Order Basins in Southwestern Nigeria
	Abstract
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Study Area
		21.2.1 Location
		21.2.2 Drainage and Relief
		21.2.3 Climate and Vegetation
		21.2.4 Geology
	21.3 Methodology
		21.3.1 Types and Sources of Data
		21.3.2 Extraction of Channel Network Using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
		21.3.3 Basin Determination and Procedure
		21.3.4 Data Analyses
	21.4 Results and Discussion
		21.4.1 Geomorphic Description of the Selected Six Third-Order Basins
			21.4.1.1 Oke-Ogun Basin
			21.4.1.2 Igboburo Basin
			21.4.1.3 Awon Basin
			21.4.1.4 Onikoko Basin
			21.4.1.5 Odo-Oba Basin
			21.4.1.6 Ayin Basin
		21.4.2 Slope–Area Curves
		21.4.3 Channel Network and Lithological Pattern
	21.5 Conclusion
	References
22 Multi-criteria-based Morphometric Prioritization for Soil Erosion Susceptibility and Denudation Rate Assessment of Purulia District, India
	Abstract
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Materials and Methods
		22.2.1 Study Area and Database
		22.2.2 Morphometric Analysis
		22.2.3 Prioritization Using Morphometric Parameters
		22.2.4 Denudation Rate Estimation
	22.3 Results and Discussions
		22.3.1 Morphometric Analysis
		22.3.2 Basic Parameters
			22.3.2.1 Sub-Watershed Area (a) and Perimeter (P)
		22.3.3 Linear Parameters
			22.3.3.1 Stream Order (U)
			22.3.3.2 Total Length of Streams (Lu)
			22.3.3.3 Bifurcation Ratios (Rb) and Mean Bifurcation Ratios (mRb)
			22.3.3.4 Stream Length Ratio (Rl)
		22.3.4 Shape or Arial Parameters
			22.3.4.1 Drainage Density (Dd)
			22.3.4.2 Texture Ratio (T)
			22.3.4.3 Stream Frequency (Fs)
			22.3.4.4 Circularity Ratio (Rc)
			22.3.4.5 Elongation Ratio (Re)
			22.3.4.6 Compactness Coefficient (Cc)
			22.3.4.7 Form Factor (Rf)
			22.3.4.8 Length of Overland Flow (Lof)
			22.3.4.9 Shape Basin (Bs)
		22.3.5 Relief Parameters
			22.3.5.1 Basin Relief (Bh)
			22.3.5.2 Relief Ratio (Rh)
			22.3.5.3 Ruggedness Number (Rn)
		22.3.6 Soil Erosion Susceptibility Analysis
			22.3.6.1 Assessing the Influence of Morphometric Parameters on Soil Erosion Susceptibility
			22.3.6.2 Assessing the Influence of Slope on Soil Erosion Susceptibility
			22.3.6.3 Identify the Influence of Land Use Land Cover, Geology, Soil and Landforms on Soil Erosion Susceptibility
		22.3.7 Denudation Characteristics
	22.4 Conclusions
	References
23 Geomorphic Appraisal of Active Tectonics and Fluvial Anomalies in Peninsular Rivers of the Bengal Basin (West Bengal, India)
	Abstract
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Geomorphic Setting of Study Area
	23.3 Methodology and Database
	23.4 Results
		23.4.1 Elements and Features of Active Tectonics
			23.4.1.1 Geotectonic Settings
			23.4.1.2 Bouguer Anomaly
			23.4.1.3 Pattern of Earthquakes
			23.4.1.4 Seismites
		23.4.2 Standard Sinuosity Index
		23.4.3 Stream Length—Gradient Index
		23.4.4 Hypsometric Analysis
		23.4.5 Drainage Basin Asymmetry Factor
		23.4.6 Basin Elongation Ratio
	23.5 Discussion
	23.6 Conclusion
	References
24 Morphological Landscape Mapping of the Bhagirathi Flood Plains in West Bengal, India, Using Geospatial Technology
	Abstract
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 The Study Area
		24.2.1 Locational Attributes
		24.2.2 Hydro-Geomorphic Settings
	24.3 Materials and Methodology
		24.3.1 Database
		24.3.2 Methodology
			24.3.2.1 Software and Data Processing
			24.3.2.2 Channel Change Detection and Analysis
			24.3.2.3 Land Use and Land Cover Mapping and Analysis
	24.4 Results and Discussion
		24.4.1 Morphodynamic Change Analysis of Bhagirathi, Churni, Mathabhanga, and Ichamati Rivers
			24.4.1.1 Bhagirathi-Hooghly River
			24.4.1.2 River Churni
			24.4.1.3 Mathabhanga
			24.4.1.4 Ichamati River
		24.4.2 Channel Migration
		24.4.3 Channel Dynamics Impacts on Flood Plain LULC
	24.5 Conclusion
		24.5.1 Major Findings
		24.5.2 Managements Issues
	References
Index