Down the Bright Stream: The Prehistory of Woodcock Corner and the Tregurra Valley, Cornwall

Cover
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents Page
List of Figures
	Figure 1.1: Location map.
	Figure 1.2: previous work on the site
	Figure 2.1: the Tregurra Valley, looking east from the edge of Truro, prior to development © Cornwall Council
	Figure 2.2: wider topography and the ‘Carrick Thrust’
	Figure 2.3: LiDAR imagery of the upper Tregurra Valley in 2007. Polwhele Castle is visible top left (as a sub-circular mark) while the ditch of Woodcock Corner is faintly visible on the right
	Figure 2.4: named areas and topography
	Figure 3.1: ‘natural’ stratigraphy across the site
	Figure 3.2: Map of potentially Mesolithic features
	Figure 3.3: Plans and sections of potentially Mesolithic features
	Figure 3.4: Map of Early Neolithic features
	Figure 3.5: Plan and section of Early Neolithic pit [3378] (key on this and subsequent drawings: brown=pottery; grey=stone; blue=quartz)
	Figure 3.6: Plans and section of Early Neolithic hearth pit [3017]
	Figure 3.7: Two photographs of Early Neolithic hearth pit [3017], corresponding to top right and bottom left of Fig 3.6. Note north is to the bottom of the photographs, 0.5 m (v) and 0.25 m (h) scales
	Figure 3.8: Map of Middle Neolithic features
	Figure 3.9: Plan of Middle Neolithic ‘quincunx’ at Woodcock Corner
	Figure 3.10: Plans and section of Middle Neolithic burnt pit [1107]
	Figure 3.11: Sections through Middle Neolithic pit [2312] and burnt pit [3068]
	Figure 3.12: Plan and section through Middle Neolithic pit [2438]
	Figure 3.13: Plan and section through Middle Neolithic pit [2496] and Late Neolithic pit [2502]
	Figure 3.14: Photographs of Middle Neolithic pits, clockwise from top left, the quincunx (1 m scale); artefact-rich pit [2438] with some of the finds and its excavator (0.5 m); artefact-rich pit [2496], left, and Late Neolithic artefact-rich pit [2502], r
	Figure 3.15: Map of Late Neolithic features
	Figure 3.16: Plan and section through Late Neolithic pits [1102] and [1105]
	Figure 3.17: Plan and sections through Late Neolithic pits [1092] and [1108]
	Figure 3.18: Position of finds within pit [1092] (top) and [1108] (bottom)
	Figure 3.19: Sections through Late Neolithic pits
	Figure 3.20: Plans and sections of Late Neolithic artefact-rich pits [2327], [2355], and [2486]
	Figure 3.21: Photographs of Late Neolithic pits, clockwise from top left: the slate disc MA1 and its excavators; slate disc MA1 and other artefacts in pit [1092]; artefact-rich pit [2502] and its excavator; notched slate S46 in pit [2478] (all 0.5 m scale
	Figure 3.22: Map of Early Beaker Period features
	Figure 3.23: Plan and sections through Early Beaker Period features [1132], [1198], and [1211]
	Figure 3.24: Plan and sections through Early Beaker Period hearth/stakeholes [2357]/[2367] and pit [2359]
	Figure 3.25: Photograph of stakeholes [2357]/[2367] (0.5 m scales)
	Figure 3.26: Map of Early Bronze Age features
	Figure 3.27: Photograph of the Woodcock Corner enclosure, looking north-west. The light linear bands in the foreground are quartz flushes (see ‘Holocene’, this Chapter)
	Figure 3.28: Topographic plan of Woodcock Corner (contours at 2 m intervals)
	Figure 3.29: Profile through Woodcock Corner
	Figure 3.30: Plan of Woodcock Corner enclosure ditch segments
	Figure 3.31: Ditch segment [1008] sections
	Figure 3.32: Ditch segment [1010] sections, west-facing I
	Figure 3.33: Ditch segment [1010] sections, west-facing II
	Figure 3.34: Ditch segment [1010] sections, east-facing I
	Figure 3.35: Ditch segment [1010] sections, east-facing II
	Figure 3.36: Plan and sections of Early Bronze Age pit [2208] and associated pits
	Figure 3.37: Sections through miscellaneous Early Bronze Age pits
	Figure 3.38: Plans and section through Early Bronze Age pits [2447] and [2494]
	Figure 3.39: Photographs of Early Bronze Age features, clockwise from top left: pot P34 being excavated from the top of artefact-rich pit [2447]; hearth [2364] at the centre of the post-ring (0.5 m scale); posthole [3273] of the post-ring showing post-pac
	Figure 3.40: Plan and sections through Early Bronze Age pits [3184], [3185], and possibly related features
	Figure 3.41: Plan of North Terrace post-ring and related features
	Figure 3.42: Sections of components of North Terrace post-ring and related features
	Figure 3.43: Plan and section of oven/corn dryer [3371] and possibly related features
	Figure 3.44: Map of Middle Bronze Age feature
	Figure 3.45: Plan and section of Middle Bronze Age pit [2465]
	Figure 3.46: Map of unphased features with pottery, flint, or worked stone
	Figure 3.47: Plan, section, and photo of unphased pit [1101]
	Figure 3.48: Sections through selected unphased pits
	Figure 3.49: Map of unphased features with hazelnuts
	Figure 3.50: Map of Early Iron Age features
	Figure 3.51: Plans and sections through Early Iron Age pits
	Figure 3.52: Plan and section through Early Iron Age corn dryer
	Figure 3.53: Photograph of Early Iron Age corn dryer post-excavation, 1 m (v) and 0.5 m (h) scales
	Figure 3.54: Map of Middle Iron Age features
	Figure 3.55: Plans and section through Middle Iron Age features
	Figure 3.56: Plan and section through large Middle Iron Age pit
	Figure 3.57: Photographs of Middle Iron Age features, clockwise from top left: furnace [2567] (0.5 m scale); large pit [3020] (1 m); charcoal pit-clamp [4091] (0.5 m); charcoal pit clamp [5069] (0.5 m)
	Figure 3.58: Map of Iron Age field system
	Figure 3.59: Representative sections through Iron Age field ditches
	Figure 3.60: Map of Romano-British to early medieval features
	Figure 3.61: plan of charcoal clamp [3444]
	Figure 3.62: plan and section of corn dryer [5051]
	Figure 3.63: Photograph of section through corn dryer [5051] (1 m scale)
	Figure 3.64: plans and sections of medieval features
	Figure 3.65: Photograph of burnt deposit (1045) in slot 9 (1 m scale)
	Figure 3.66: Map of undated metalworking-related features
	Figure 3.67: Plans and sections of undated furnaces and possibly related pits
	Figure 3.68: Sections through undated charcoal pit-clamps at Woodcock Corner and South and North Terraces
	Figure 3.69: Plan and sections of ore-roasting pits [2448] and [2461]
	Figure 3.70: Photographs of undated metalworking features, clockwise from top left: furnace [1077] showing collapsed superstructure (1069); furnace [2345] (0.5 m scale); furnace [2398] (0.5 m); ore-roasting pits [2448] and [2461] (0.5 m)
	Figure 3.71: Plan and section of hearth pit [2404]
	Figure 3.72: Sections through undated charcoal pit-clamps on West Ridge
	Figure 3.73: Photographs of undated charcoal pit-clamps, clockwise from top left: [1025], (0.25 m (v), 0.5 m (h) scales); [1027] (0.05 m (v), 0.5 m (h)); [4064] (0.25 m (v), 0.5 m (h)); [5079] (0.5 m)
	Figure 3.74: Map of undated hearths showing background of all pits on the site
	Figure 4.1 Early Neolithic vessels P1-5. Scale 1:2. Drawing Jane Read
	Figure 4.2 Middle Neolithic Peterborough vessels P6-15. Scale 1:3. Drawing Jane Read
	Figure 4.3 Grooved ware P16-17. Scale 1:2. Drawing Jane Read
	Figure 4.4 Grooved ware P18-23. Scale 1:3. Drawing Jane Read
	Figure 4.5 Grooved ware P24-27. Scale 1:3. Drawing Jane Read
	Figure 4.6 Beaker P28–31: Collared Urns P32-33: Trevisker P34. Scale 1:3. Drawing Jane Read
	Figure 4.7 Amphora sherd. Scale 1:3. Drawing Carl Thorpe
	Figure 4.8 Amphora reconstruction. Scale 1:3. Drawing Carl Thorpe
	Figure 5.1: Slate disc, obverse (Photo: Antonia Thomas)
	Figure 5.2: Slate disc, reverse (Photo: Antonia Thomas)
	Figure 5.3: Slate disc, line drawing (Illustration: Antonia Thomas)
	Figure 5.4: MA2 close up detail
	Figure 5.5: MA2 Reflective Transformation Imaging (RTI), Marta Diaz-Guardamino.
	Figure 5.6: S1 Curio with vein quartz saw edge, probably Early Neolithic: S3 Small cobble grinder, Middle Neolithic. Scale 1:2. (Photo: Gary Young)
	Figure 5.7: S2 Saddle quern, Middle Neolithic. Scale 1:2. (Photo: Gary Young)
	Figure 5.8: S9–S11 potential axes from Late Neolithic contexts. Scale 1:2. (Photo: Gary Young)
	Figure 5.10: S18 slate with worn notch, Late Neolithic. Scale 1:2. (Photo: Gary Young)
	Figure 5.9: S12–S14 pieces with patches of abrasion or hammerstone use from Late Neolithic contexts. Scale 1:2. (Photo: Gary Young)
	Figure 5.11: S46 Square slate with notched edge, Late Neolithic. Scale 1:3. (Photo: Gary Young)
	Figure 5.12: Stone balls or spherical hammerstones, S25 Beaker period, S30 Early Bronze Age. Scale 1:2. (Photo: Gary Young)
	Figure 5.13: S29 Early Bronze Age muller. Scale 1:2. (Photo: Gary Young)
	Figure 5.14: S36 pebble with pecked depressions, later prehistoric. Scale 1:1. (Photo: Gary Young)
	Figure 6.1: Mesolithic flint
	Figure 6.2: Middle Neolithic mixed pit contents
	Figure 6.3: Middle Neolithic artefact-rich pit [2438] contents
	Figure 6.4: Late Neolithic pit contents and buried soil horizons
	Figure 6.5: Early Beaker Period to Bronze Age contexts
	Plate 1: Reconstruction of the valley in the Neolithic © Jane Read
	Plate 2: Reconstruction of the valley in the Bronze Age © Jane Read
	Plate 3. Reconstruction of the valley in the Iron Age © Jane Read
	Figure 7.1: Backscattered electron image collages of cassiterite-bearing pebbles from Tregurra. Cassiterite is bright; the dull matrix comprises mainly quartz and tourmaline, with the tourmaline slightly paler than quartz
	Figure 7.2: Fe-Mg-Al ternary diagram of EDS analyses of tourmalines in pebbles TRU19 (crosses) and TRU20 (circles) from Tregurra. Fields after Farmer et al.. (1991) for observations at South Crofty (North of Carnmenellis Granite) for tourmaline from the g
	Figure 7.3: Plot of titanium vs iron per unit cell, for EDS analyses of tourmalines in pebbles TRU19 (crosses) and TRU20 (circles) from Tregurra. Fields after Farmer et al.. (1991) for observations at South Crofty (North of Carnmenellis Granite) for tourm
	Figure 7.4: Plot of (R+ + R2+) against R3+ for EDS analyses of tourmalines in pebbles TRU19 (crosses) and TRU20 (circles) from Tregurra. Fields after Manning’s (1991) compilation of tourmaline analyses from SW England
	Figure 7.5: Location of the sites referred to in the text (1: Tregurra, 2: Tolgarrick Farm, 3: Threemilestone) with respect to the geology (simplified after Dines 1956) and drainage
	Figure 7.6: Backscattered electron image collages for samples of furnace bottom iron smelting slags (a) TRU5 and (b) TRU8
	Figure 7.7: Backscattered electron images of selected areas of smelting slag samples TRU5 and (b) TRU8
	Figure 7.8: graphs showing the variation of substitution in olivine. The left column show smelting slags; the right column shows the smithing slags
	Figure 7.9: the bulk analyses by XRF of residues associated with iron smelting plotted within the ternary system SiO2-Al2O3-FeO (fields after Schairer and Yagi 1952, fig 6)
	Figure 7.10: Binary plots of elemental concentrations (in ppm) from bulk chemical analyses by ICP-MS) of various ‘incompatible’ (high field strength) trace elements. REE is the total of all the rare earth elements
	Figure 7.11: (REE) upper crust-normalised rare earth element profiles (normalisation after Taylor and McLennan 1981.) for analyses of residue samples, separated by group
	Figure 7.12: Backscattered electron images of sinter sample TRU12
	Figure 7.13: Backscattered electron images of smithing hearth cake TRU15
	Figure 7.14: Backscattered electron images of smithing hearth cakes: (a) TRU14, (b) TRU16
	Figure 7.15: the bulk analyses by XRF (circles) and micro-area analyses by EDS (crosses), of residues associated with iron smithing plotted within the ternary system SiO2-Al2O3-FeO (fields after Schairer and Yagi 1952, fig 6)
	Figure 7.16: plan and tentative reconstruction of the Tregurra furnace [2398] in comparison with examples from other, broadly coeval, sites
	Figure 7.17: models for the development of suites ‘A’ and ‘B’ smelting slags, illustrated within the ternary system SiO2-Al2O3-FeO
	Figure 7.18: model for the development of the smithing slags, illustrated within the ternary system SiO2-Al2O3-FeO
	Figure 9.1: Taxonomic composition of Neolithic charcoal assemblages from different pit types (based upon fragment count; N=700)
	Figure 9.2: Taxonomic composition of charcoal from Early Bronze Age phases (based upon fragment count, N=580)
	Figure 9.3: Taxonomic composition of charcoal from ironworking features (based upon fragment count, N=420)
	Figure 9.4: Taxonomic composition of charcoal assemblages by period (based upon fragment count; N=1854). Note that other periods have been excluded due to paucity of data.
	Figure 10.1: Profile in slot 11
	Figure 10.2: Scan of thin section M1 (Slot 11); composed of the pale yellow remains of the bC subsoil and inwashed and burrowed-in bB horizon soil material. Subsoil is stony with weathered shale, whereas the bB includes coarse fire cracked burned quartzit
	Figure 10.3: Photomicrograph of thin section M1 (Slot 11); fire cracked burned quartzite. Plane polarised light (PPL), frame width is ~4.62 mm. 
	Figure 10.4: As Fig 10.3, under oblique incident light (OIL).
	Figure 10.5: Photomicrograph of thin section M1 (Slot 11); lower subsoil bC horizon material, composed of silt size quartz and mica, with textural intercalations and infills, possibly also associated with collapsed granules. PPL, frame width is ~2.38 mm.
	Figure 10.6: As Fig 10.5, under crossed polarised light (XPL), showing grain size and matrix void coatings.
	Figure 10.10: As Fig 10.9, under OIL; note Fe-Mn staining of relict amorphous organic matter (dung trace?)
	Figure 10.11: Scan of thin section M2 (Slot 11); moderately biomixed bC and bB soil, with angular and tabular shale rock fragments. Frame height is ~120 mm.
	Figure 10.7: As Fig 10.5, under OIL; note mixed materials. Likely periglacial soliflual slope deposit.
	Figure 10.8: Photomicrograph of thin section M1 (Slot 11); bB horizon soil, with interlaced matrix intercalations, and associated closed vughs, relict of muddy colluvial mixing and deposition. PPL, frame width is ~4.62 mm.
	Figure 10.9: Photomicrograph of thin section M2 (Slot 11); rare included clasts of humic soil in bB horizon soil, possibly relict of animal management. PPL, frame width is ~0.90 mm.
	Figure 10.12: Photomicrograph thin section M2 (Slot 11); colluvial plough soil with charred monocotyledonous plant material from stubble burning/crop processing waste? PPL, frame width is ~4.62 mm.
	Figure 10.13: As Fig 10.11, under OIL
	Figure 10.14: Machine excavation of the trench exposing the deposits, showing the putative buried soil
	Figure 10.15. The darker horizon marks the lower facies (context (3398) – the putative buried soil)
	Figure 10.16. The base of the colluvial facies (3480) and the top of the lower facies (3398) being prepared for kubiena sample 1
	Figure 11.1: Calibrated radiocarbon dates from the Tregurra Valley. Calibrations were calculated using the terrestrial calibration curve (IntCal13) of Reimer et al. (2013) and the probability method of Stuiver and Reimer (1993) with OxCal v4.2 (Bronk Rams
	Figure 11.2: Results and structure of the Bayesian model for Peterborough ware. For each of the radiocarbon measurements two distributions have been plotted, one in outline, which is the result of simple radiocarbon calibration, and a solid one, which is
	Figure 11.3: Results and structure of the alternative Bayesian model for Peterborough ware. The brackets and keywords define the model structure. The format is as described in Figure 2.
	Figure 11.4: Results and structure of the Bayesian model for Grooved ware. The brackets and keywords define the model structure. The format is as described in Figure 2.
	Figure 11.5: Results and structure of the alternative Bayesian model for Grooved ware. The brackets and keywords define the model structure. The format is as described in Figure 2.
	Figure 11.6: Starting and ending boundaries for the primary and alternative models.
	Figure 11.7: Spans from activity in Grooved ware and Peterborough ware models from the primary and alternative models.
	Figure 12.1: Artefact distribution in deposit (1024).
	Figure 12.2: Artefact distribution in deposit (1011).
	Figure 12.3: Pits used for spatial analysis.
	Figure 12.4: Map showing possible locations of middens (dark red).
	Figure 13.1: Map showing Early Neolithic sites in Cornwall
	Figure 13.2: Map showing Middle Neolithic sites in Cornwall
	Figure 13.3: Map showing Late Neolithic sites in Cornwall
	Figure 13.4 Map showing Early Beaker period sites in Cornwall
	Figure 13.5: Map showing selected Early Bronze Age sites in Cornwall
	Figure 13.6:Photograph of the post-ring, facing south-west (1 m scales)
	Figure 13.7: Chequerboard decoration on MA1 (obverse) (Reflective Transformation Imaging (RTI), Marta Diaz-Guardamino)
	Figure 13.8: Lozenge decoration on MA1 (reverse) (RTI, Marta Diaz-Guardamino)
	Figure 13.10: Lozenge face of the slate disc, rotated 90° clockwise from previous images (© Marta Diaz-Guardamino)
	Figure 13.9: Chequerboard decoration on Grooved ware from Penryn College (from Gossip and Jones 2017, P1)
	Figure 13.11: Cup-marked slate L77 from Davidstow barrow XXVI(22) (© Cornwall Archaeological Society)
	Figure 13.12: The disc with its finder Angela Bilardi, left, and Laura Ratcliffe-Warren, right
	Figure 13.13: The contents of pit [3417] including cassiterite pebbles (bottom left), a broken pebble (middle right), crushed cassiterite (bottom) and the muller S29 used to crush it (top)
	Figure 13.14: Map showing selected Iron Age to early medieval agricultural sites in Cornwall
	Figure 13.15: Map showing selected Iron Age to early medieval ironworking and charcoal production sites in Cornwall
	Figure 13.16: Biringuccio woodcut showing charcoal production in a mound clamp, 1540
	Figure 13.17: Biringuccio woodcut showing charcoal production in a pit clamp, 1540
List of Tables
	Table 3.1: Components of the North Terrace post-ring structure
	Table 3.2: Contents of South Terrace (NW) Early Bronze Age pit group
	Table 3.3: Undated hearth pits
	Table 4.1: Period summary of the ceramic assemblage
	Table 4.2: Details of Early Neolithic pottery by sherd number and weight (g)
	Table 4.3: Details of Middle Neolithic Peterborough pottery by sherd number and weight (g)
	Table 4.4: Details of Grooved ware by sherd number and weight (g). * weathered micaceous slate.
	Table 4.5: Details of sites with Grooved ware now known from Cornwall, in approximate order of recognition. * indicates radiocarbon dates presented in table in Jones and Quinnell, 2014, fig 103.
	Table 4.6: Details of Beaker by sherd number and weight (g)
	Table 4.7: Details of Early/Middle Bronze Age by sherd number and weight (g)
	Table 4.8: Details of Middle Iron Age, Late Iron Age and Late Iron Age into Roman period pottery by sherd number and weight: all standard gabbroic fabric
	Table 6.1: Summarised component breakdown of the entire assemblage
	Table 6.2: Summarised breakdown of the Middle Neolithic flint assemblage
	Table 6.3 Summarised breakdown of the Late Neolithic flint assemblage
	Table 6.4 Summarised breakdown of the Early Beaker Period flint assemblage
	Table 6.5 Summarised breakdown of the Early Bronze Age flint assemblage
	Table 6.6 Summarised breakdown of the Middle Bronze Age flint assemblage
	Table 6.7 Summarised breakdown of the undated flint assemblage
	Table 7.1: Summary catalogue by context and sample
	Table 7.2: ironworking residues (and other archaeometallurgical materials except cassiterite) by classes and context/features. All weights in grams
	Table 7.3: Sampled material
	Table 7.5: trace elements by ICP-MS. < = below detection. All elements presented as ppm. Adjusted to Mn2+ and Fe2+ and adjusted to exclude volatiles (LOI)
	Table 7.5 (continued): Minor and trace elements by ICP-MS. < = below detection. All elements presented as ppm. Adjusted to Mn2+ and Fe2+ and adjusted to exclude volatiles (LOI)
	Table 7.4: Major elements by XRF. < = below detection. All elements presented as wt% oxide. Adjusted to Mn2+ and Fe2+ and adjusted to exclude volatiles (LOI)
	Table 8.1: Latin and common plant names
	Table 8.2: Plant macrofossils
	Table 9.1: Charcoal from Mesolithic and Early Neolithic phases (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 9.2: Charcoal from Middle Neolithic phase (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 9.3: Charcoal from Late Neolithic phase (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 9.4: Charcoal from Early Beaker Period phase (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 9.5: Charcoal from Early Bronze Age: Woodcock Corner and South Terrace (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 9.6: Charcoal from Early Bronze Age: North Terrace (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 9.7: Charcoal from unphased earlier prehistoric features (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 9.8: Charcoal from the Early Iron Age (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 9.9: Charcoal from Middle Iron Age features (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 9.10: Charcoal from undated furnaces, ironworking pits, and charcoal pit-clamps (showing quantified data by fragment count)
	Table 10.1: Soil profile in Slot 11
	Table 10.2: Slot 11: soil micromorphology samples and counts
	Table 10.3: Slot 11: Soil micromorphology descriptions and preliminary interpretations
	Table 10.4: Pollen counts from the buried soil/base of the colluvial brown earth
	Table 10.5: Soil profile in North Terrace (Pollen samples measurements start from top of monolith, but kubiena samples are from top of profile)
	Table 10.6: Samples taken from North Terrace
	Table 10.7: Results of the analysis of pits [2496] and [2502]
	Table 11.1: Radiocarbon determinations from the Tregurra Valley
	Table 12.1: Features with a total finds count >20 (* features containing Grooved ware but contemporary with Middle Neolithic features; ** crushed cassiterite grains not included in count)
	Table 12.2: Correlation between pit volume and finds count
	Table 12.3: Comparison of pit volume to pit type
	Table 12.4: Comparison of mean pit volume by period
	Table 12.5: Comparison of pit volume by period
	Table 12.6: Taphonomy against soil types
	Table 12.7: Artefacts and ecofacts by phase.
	Table 12.8: Odd deposits
	Table 12.9: Selected artefacts
	Table 12.10: Placed artefacts
	Table 12.11: Pits containing possible midden material
	Table 12.12: Pits with co-fitting sherds
	Table 12.13: Distribution of numbered vessels. HW-Hembury ware, PW-Peterborough ware, GW-Grooved ware, BEA-Beaker, CU-Collared Urn, TREV-Trevisker
	Table 12.14: Nearest Neighbour Analysis
	Table 13.1 Early Neolithic radiocarbon dates from Cornwall
	Table 13.2 Early Neolithic pottery from undated or residual contexts in Cornwall
	Table 13.3 Middle Neolithic radiocarbon dates from Cornwall
	Table 13.4 Middle Neolithic pottery from undated or residual contexts in Cornwall
	Table 13.5 Late Neolithic radiocarbon dates from Cornwall
	Table 13.6 Late Neolithic pottery from undated or residual contexts in Cornwall
	Table 13.7 Early Beaker Period radiocarbon dates from non-monumental contexts in Cornwall
	Table 13.8 Beaker pottery from undated or residual contexts in Cornwall (does not include material from monument-related contexts)
	Table 13.9 Selected Early Bronze Age radiocarbon dates from Cornwall
	Table 13.10 Location of Early Neolithic pit sites and structures
	Table 13.11 Location of Middle Neolithic pit sites (*overlooking freshwater river)
	Table 13.12 Location of Late Neolithic pit sites
	Table 13.13 Location of Early Beaker Period and Early Bronze Age pit sites. Dates are Early Beaker Period except *date range includes Early Bronze Age. Pot is Beaker except *Grooved ware
	Table 13.14 Selected Iron Age to early medieval radiocarbon dates associated with agricultural practices from Cornwall
	Table 13.15 Selected Iron Age to early medieval sites associated with agricultural practices from Cornwall
	Table 13.16 Selected Iron Age to medieval radiocarbon dates from charcoal clamps and ironworking sites from Cornwall (*may represent earlier corn-drying activity)
	Table 13.17 Selected Iron Age to early medieval sites associated with ironworking and charcoal production, and potential ore sources, from Cornwall
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Summary
1 Background to the Investigations
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Report structure
	1.3 Terminology used in this report
	1.4 Overview of archaeological work undertaken on the site
2 Location and Setting
3 The Excavations
	3.1 Natural stratigraphy
		3.1.1 Devonian
		3.1.2 Pleistocene (Fig 3.1)
		3.1.3 Holocene (Fig 3.1)
	3.2 Soil development
	3.3 Mesolithic (c8000-4000 cal BC)
	3.4 Neolithic
		3.4.1 Early Neolithic (c4000-3400 cal BC)
		3.4.2 Middle Neolithic (c3400-3000 cal BC)
		3.4.3 Late Neolithic (c3000-2400 cal BC)
	3.5 Early Beaker Period to Bronze Age
		3.5.1 Early Beaker Period (c2400–2000 cal BC)
		3.5.2 Early Bronze Age (c2000–1500 cal BC)
		3.5.3 Middle Bronze Age (c1500-1000 cal BC)
	3.6 Other earlier prehistoric features
		3.6.1 Features with pottery, flint, or worked stone not otherwise mentioned
		3.6.2 Features with hazelnuts not otherwise mentioned
	3.7 Iron Age
		3.7.1 Early Iron Age (c800–350 cal BC)
		3.7.2 Middle Iron Age (c350–100 cal BC)
		3.7.3 Late Iron Age (c100 cal BC–AD 43)
	3.8 Roman and Post-Roman periods
		3.8.1 Roman (AD 43 – 410)
		3.8.2 Post-Roman (AD 410–cAD 600)
	3.9 Medieval
		3.9.1 Early medieval (cAD 600 – 1066)
		3.9.2 Medieval (AD 1066–1540)
	3.10 Undated furnaces, ironworking pits, and charcoal pit-clamps
	3.11 Undated hearths and burnt pits
4 The Ceramics
	4.1 Prehistoric
		4.1.1 Summary of the assemblage
		4.1.2 Early Neolithic
		4.1.3 Middle Neolithic Peterborough ware
		4.1.4 Late Neolithic Grooved ware
		4.1.5 Beaker
		4.1.6 Bronze Age
		4.1.7 Early Iron Age
		4.1.8 Later Iron Age
	4.2 Roman
	4.3 Early medieval
	4.4 Undatable gabbroic sherds
	4.5 Post-Roman amphora
5 The Stonework
	5.1 Mobiliary art
		5.1.1 Slate disc MA1
		5.1.2 Discussion
		5.1.3 Summary
	5.2 Worked stone
		5.2.1 Introduction
		5.2.2 Middle Neolithic
		5.2.3 Late Neolithic
		5.2.4 Early Beaker Period
		5.2.5 Early Bronze Age
		5.2.6 Iron Age and later prehistoric
		5.2.7 Undated
6 The Flint
	6.1 Assemblage size, distribution and general character
	6.2 Raw material sourcing
	6.3 The assemblage by period
		6.3.1 Mesolithic
		6.3.2 Neolithic
		6.3.3 Early Beaker and Early Bronze Age periods
		6.3.4 Flint from undated contexts
		6.3.5 Flint from post-Bronze Age contexts
	6.4 Discussion
7 Archaeometallurgy
	7.1 Tin ores
		7.1.1 Distribution of the material
		7.1.2 Methods
		7.1.3 Results
		7.1.4 Interpretation
		7.1.5 Discussion
	7.2 Ironworking residues
		7.2.1 Methods
		7.2.2 The residues
		7.2.3 Interpretation
		7.2.4 Discussion
8 Charred Plant Remains
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Results
		8.2.1 Middle Neolithic (c3400-3000 cal BC)
		8.2.2 Late Neolithic (c3000-2400 cal BC)
		8.2.3 Early Beaker Period (c2400–2000 cal BC)
		8.2.4 Early Bronze Age (c2000–1500 cal BC)
		8.2.5 Unphased earlier prehistoric
		8.2.6 Iron Age
		8.2.7 Post-Roman (AD 410–cAD 600)
		8.2.8 Medieval (cAD 600-1540)
		8.2.9 Undated furnaces, ironworking pits, and charcoal pit-clamps
	8.3 Discussion
		8.3.1 Wild resources
		8.3.2 Cereal production
		8.3.3 The local environment of the Woodcock Corner enclosure
9 Charcoal
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methodology
	9.3 Results
		9.3.1 Mesolithic (c8000-4000 cal BC) (Table 9.1)
		9.3.2 Early Neolithic (c4000-3400 cal BC) (Table 9.1)
		9.3.3 Middle Neolithic (c3400-3000 cal BC) Woodlands style Grooved ware (Table 9.2)
		9.3.4 Late Neolithic (c3000-2400 cal BC) (Table 9.3)
		9.3.5 Summary: Neolithic
		9.3.6 Early Beaker Period (c2400-2000 cal BC) (Table 9.4)
		9.3.7 Early Bronze Age (c2000-1500 cal BC) (Tables 9.4, 9.5, and 9.6)
		9.3.8 Summary: Bronze Age
		9.3.9 Unphased earlier prehistoric features (Table 9.7)
		9.3.10 Early Iron Age (Table 9.8)
		9.3.11 Middle Iron Age (Table 9.9)
		9.3.12 Summary: Iron Age and ironworking
		9.3.13 Post-Roman (AD 410–cAD 600)
		9.3.14 Early medieval (cAD 600–1066)
		9.3.15 Undated furnaces, ironworking pits, and charcoal pit-clamps (Table 9.10)
		9.3.16 Undated pits
	9.4 Discussion
10 Geoarchaeology
	10.1 Landscape and land-use; soil, sediment, and pollen evidence
		10.1.1 Woodcock Corner
		10.1.2 North Terrace
	10.2 Chemistry and magnetic susceptibility of fills from two Neolithic pits
11 Radiocarbon Dating
	11.1 Results from the dating programme
		11.1.1  Radiocarbon samples
		11.1.2  Samples from Peterborough ware contexts
		11.1.3  Samples from Grooved ware contexts
		11.1.4  Bayesian modelling methodological approach
		11.1.5  Bayesian models and results
		11.1.6  Samples from contexts associated with other pottery types
		11.1.7  Samples from pit contexts with no associated diagnostic artefacts
		11.1.8  Samples associated with non-pit contexts
	11.2 Conclusions
12 Spatial and Artefactual Analysis of the Neolithic and Bronze Age Pits
	12.1 Definitions
	12.2 Feature analysis
	12.3 Artefactual analysis
		12.3.1 Taphonomy
		12.3.2 Deposition of artefacts and ecofacts
		12.3.3 Distribution of finds in soil deposits at Woodcock Corner
	12.4 Spatial analysis
		12.4.1 Middens
13 Discussion
	13.1 From pits to postholes: a chronological summary of the site and the Cornish context of the earlier prehistoric (c10,000-1500 cal BC)
		13.1.1 Beginnings
		13.1.2  The Neolithic (c4000-2400 cal BC)
		13.1.3 The Early Beaker Period and Early Bronze Age (c2400-1500 cal BC)
	13.2 Discussion of themes raised by the earlier prehistoric evidence from Tregurra
		13.2.1 Location
		13.2.2 Environment
		13.2.3 Settlement…
		13.2.4 …and middens
		13.2.5 Activity
		13.2.6 Pit deposition
		13.2.7 Enclosure
	13.3 The Iron Age to early medieval
		13.3.1 Agriculture
		13.3.2 Ironworking and charcoal production
		13.3.3 Woodcock Corner: early medieval monument?
	13.4 Concluding remarks
14 Bibliography