Dose Optimization in Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography: An Essential Guide

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Dose Optimization: A Major Principle of Optimization
	1.1 Biological Effects of Radiation Exposure
	1.2 Fundamental Principles of Radiation Protection
		1.2.1 The Principle of Justification
		1.2.2 The Principle of Optimization
			Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography: System Components at a Glance
	1.3 Motivation for Dose Optimization in Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography
		1.3.1 Radiation Risks
		1.3.2 Dose Creep in Digital Radiography
		1.3.3 Dose in Computed Tomography
	1.4 Optimization Strategies: An Overview
	References
Chapter 2: Digital Radiography: A Technical Review
	2.1 Digital Radiography: Two Notable Facts Related to Dose Management
	2.2 Digital Radiography Systems: A Technical Review
		2.2.1 Computed Radiography: Physical Principles and Technology
		2.2.2 Flat-Panel Digital Radiography: Physical Principles and Technology
			Indirect Conversion Digital Radiography
			Direct Conversion Digital Radiography
	2.3 Other Considerations Related to CR and FPDR Systems
		2.3.1 Image Processing
		2.3.2 The Standardized Exposure Indicator and the Deviation Index
	2.4 Factors Affecting the Dose in Digital Radiography: An Essential Review
	2.5 Diagnostic Reference Levels
		2.5.1 Definitions and Major Guidelines
	References
Chapter 3: Optimization Strategies in Digital Radiography
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Optimization of Exposure Technique Factors
		3.2.1 Optimization of kV and mAs
	3.3 Optimization of the Exposure Indicator
	3.4 Optimization of the Deviation Index
	3.5 Optimization Using Image Postprocessing Algorithms
		3.5.1 Optimization Studies Using Multifrequency Processing and Noise Reduction Algorithms
	3.6 Diagnostic Reference Levels: A Useful Tool in Dose Optimization
	References
Chapter 4: Computed Tomography: A Technical Review
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The CT Scanner: Fundamental Physics and Major System Components
		4.2.1 Attenuation Physics: An Essential Overview
		4.2.2 Attenuation and CT Numbers
		4.2.3 Data Acquisition: System Components and Principles
		4.2.4 Image Reconstruction
			Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms
			Artificial Intelligence in CT Image Reconstruction
			Deep Learning CT Image Reconstruction Algorithms
		4.2.5 Image Display/Storage/Communication
	4.3 Multi-slice CT Principles at a Glance
		4.3.1 MSCT Detectors: An Overview
			Scintillation Detectors and Photon Counting Detectors
			MSCT Detector Designs
		4.3.2 Selectable Scan Parameters
	4.4 Radiation Protection
	References
Chapter 5: Dose Reduction and Optimization Strategies in Computed Tomography
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Motivation for Dose Optimization in CT
		5.2.1 Literature on Cancer Risks from CT
		5.2.2 Effects of Low-Dose Chest CT on Chromosomal DNA
		5.2.3 In Summary
	5.3 Radiation Protection Principles
	5.4 Elements of CT Dosimetry at a Glance
	5.5 Factors Affecting the Dose in CT: An Overview
		5.5.1 Image Quality Considerations
		5.5.2 Significant Dose Parameters
	5.6 Dose Optimization Strategies in CT
	5.7 Other Useful Tools for Dose Reduction and Optimization in CT
		5.7.1 The Use of DRLs
		5.7.2 The Use of AI-Based Image Reconstruction
		5.7.3 The Use of PCDs
	5.8 The Role of the Technologist in CT Dose Reduction and Optimization
	References
Chapter 6: Optimization Research in Medical Imaging
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Strategies Used in Dose/Image Quality Optimization Research
			Additional Considerations
		6.1.2 The Nature of Image Quality
			Image Quality Descriptors
		6.1.3 Image Quality Assessment Tools for Clinical CT Images: An Overview
			Objective Physical Measures
			Observer Performance Methods
		6.1.4 Receiver Operating Characteristics: A Brief Overview
		6.1.5 Visual Grading Analysis: An Overview
			VGA Methods
		6.1.6 Example of a Dose Optimization Study in Digital Radiography
	References
Chapter 7: Review Questions
Index