Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity?: Examining The Evidence (Special Report (National Research Council (U S) Transportation Research Board))

TRB Special Report 282: Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity? Examining the Evidence......Page 2
The Transportation Research Board......Page 4
Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Glossary......Page 14
Contents......Page 20
Study Context and Charge......Page 22
Benefits of Physical Activity......Page 24
Role of the Built Environment......Page 25
Findings......Page 26
Conclusions......Page 29
Recommendations......Page 32
Looking Forward......Page 36
1 Introduction......Page 38
Study Charge and Scope......Page 39
Physical Activity and Health: Overview......Page 40
Energy Balance and the Obesity Connection......Page 41
Study Approach and Key Issues......Page 43
Organization of the Report......Page 48
Summary: Physical Activity and Health......Page 52
Terminology......Page 54
Effects of Physical Activity on Health......Page 55
Recommended Levels of Physical Activity......Page 59
Measuring Physical Activity......Page 64
Current Levels of Physical Activity......Page 69
Summary: Long-Term Trends Affecting Physical Activity Levels......Page 78
Analysis Approach......Page 80
Trends in Leisure-Time Physical Activity......Page 82
Trends in Other Types of Physical Activity......Page 85
Trends in Spatial Distributions of Population and Employment......Page 93
Changes in Time Use and Sedentary Activities......Page 98
Summary: Contextual Factors Affecting Physical Activity......Page 104
Factors Affecting Individual Choice......Page 106
Institutional and Regulatory Context......Page 121
Summary: Designing Research to Study the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Physical Activity......Page 144
The Role of Theory......Page 146
Research Designs......Page 149
Availability of Data......Page 158
Summary: Current State of Knowledge......Page 170
6 Current State of Knowledge......Page 172
Overview of the Literature......Page 173
Review of Findings......Page 174
Analysis of Findings......Page 180
Knowledge Gaps......Page 193
7 Future Directions......Page 240
Findings......Page 242
Conclusions......Page 245
Recommendations......Page 248
Appendix A: Commissioned Papers and Authors......Page 254
Appendix B: Workshop Agenda and Participants......Page 256
Study Committee Biographical Information......Page 264