Divergent Democracy: How Policy Positions Came to Dominate Party Competition

Copyright
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1. The Puzzle of Programmatic Partisanship
	What Is Programmatic Partisanship?
		Relationship to Polarization
		Relationship to Clientelism and Other Types of Appeals to Voters
		Why Not “Responsible Party Government”?
	Programmatic Partisanship over Time
		Measurement Approach
			data
			methodology
		Results
	The Puzzle of Programmatic Partisanship
	Book Structure and Central Contributions
	Toward a More Dynamic Conceptualization of Parties
	Divergent Democracy up Close and in Context
2. What Constrains and Facilitates Programmaticism?
	Programmaticism and Clientelism
	Modernization as an Explanation for Programmaticism
		Economic Growth and Change
		Demographic Changes Related to Development
		Role of Brokers
		Limitations of Modernization Theory
	Institutional Theories of Programmaticism
		Democratic Experience and General Institutional Strength
		Bureaucracy
		Relative Strength of Parties
		Other Institutional and Social Considerations
	General Contributions and Limitations of Existing Work
	Contributions and Limitations of Existing Work with Respect to the United States
	A Supply Side Theory Focused on Position Development
		The Process of Party Position Development
		Importance of Institutions for Position Development
			complex role of part y organizations
			role of racial order s
	Conclusion
3. The Dance of Clientelism and Programmaticism
	An Analytical History of Clientelism in the United States
		A Tradition from the Beginning
		The Jacksonian Party (and Spoils) System
		Rise of Political Machines
		Challenges to Machines from Development and Reform Movements
		The New Deal: Friend and Foe to American Clientelism
		The Decline of American Clientelism
	State-Level Analysis
	Discussion
4. National Party Institutions and Programmaticism, 1856–1950
	The Early Years: Democratic and Republican Parties’ Orientation toward Issues in the Nineteenth Century
		Nineteenth-Century Platform Writing
			republican party
			democratic party
	Building a Foundation for Modern Programmaticism in the Early Twentieth Century
		Platforms in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
			republican party
			democratic party
	Conclusion
5. National Party Institutions and Programmaticism, 1950–2020
	Growth in National Party Organizations
	Growth in Programmatic Capacity
		The Democratic Party
		The Republican Party
	Platforms
		Republican Party Platforms
		Democratic Party Platforms
	Conclusion
6. Party Competition and American Democracy
	The Myth of Moderation
	Programmaticism as a Macropolitical Indicator
	Toward Defining an Upper Bound for Programmatic Partisanship
	Lessons about Polarization
	Onward
Appendix
	Existing Measures
	Overview of Methodology for Topic Estimation
		Structural Topic Models
		Evaluating Topic Model Output
	Topic Estimation on Party Platforms, 1856–2016
		Document Preprocessing
		Model Specification and Topic Level Selection
			validation
	Overview of Methodology for Estimating Programmaticism
	Estimating Programmaticism in Party Platforms, 1856–2016
		Document Preprocessing
		Whole Platforms
		Within Issue Areas
		Validating Wordfish Estimates
Notes
	Chapter 1. The Puzzle of Programmatic Partisanship
	Chapter 2. What Constrains and Facilitates Programmaticism?
	Chapter 3. The Dance of Clientelism and Programmaticism
	Chapter 4. National Party Institutions and Programmaticism, 1856–1950
	Chapter 5. National Party Institutions and Programmaticism, 1950–2020
	Chapter 6. Party Competition and American Democracy
	Appendix
Bibliography
Index