Distributed Systems

Preface
Introduction
	From networked systems to distributed systems
		Distributed versus decentralized systems
		Why making the distinction is relevant
		Studying distributed systems
	Design goals
		Resource sharing
		Distribution transparency
		Openness
		Dependability
		Security
		Scalability
	A simple classification of distributed systems
		High-performance distributed computing
		Distributed information systems
		Pervasive systems
	Pitfalls
	Summary
Architectures
	Architectural styles
		Layered architectures
		Service-oriented architectures
		Publish-subscribe architectures
	Middleware and distributed systems
		Middleware organization
		Modifiable middleware
	Layered-system architectures
		Simple client-server architecture
		Multitiered Architectures
		Example: The Network File System
		Example: The Web
	Symmetrically distributed system architectures
		Structured peer-to-peer systems
		Unstructured peer-to-peer systems
		Hierarchically organized peer-to-peer networks
		Example: BitTorrent
	Hybrid system architectures
		Cloud computing
		The edge-cloud architecture
		Blockchain architectures
	Summary
Processes
	Threads
		Introduction to threads
		Threads in distributed systems
	Virtualization
		Principle of virtualization
		Containers
		Comparing virtual machines and containers
		Application of virtual machines to distributed systems
	Clients
		Networked user interfaces
		Virtual desktop environment
		Client-side software for distribution transparency
	Servers
		General design issues
		Object servers
		Example: The Apache Web server
		Server clusters
	Code migration
		Reasons for migrating code
		Models for code migration
		Migration in heterogeneous systems
	Summary
Communication
	Foundations
		Layered Protocols
		Types of Communication
	Remote procedure call
		Basic RPC operation
		Parameter passing
		RPC-based application support
		Variations on RPC
	Message-oriented communication
		Simple transient messaging with sockets
		Advanced transient messaging
		Message-oriented persistent communication
		Example: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
	Multicast communication
		Application-level tree-based multicasting
		Flooding-based multicasting
		Gossip-based data dissemination
	Summary
Coordination
	Clock synchronization
		Physical clocks
		Clock synchronization algorithms
	Logical clocks
		Lamport\'s logical clocks
		Vector clocks
	Mutual exclusion
		Overview
		A centralized algorithm
		A distributed algorithm
		A token-ring algorithm
		A decentralized algorithm
		Example: Simple locking with ZooKeeper
	Election algorithms
		The bully algorithm
		A ring algorithm
		Example: Leader election in ZooKeeper
		Example: Leader election in Raft
		Elections in large-scale systems
		Elections in wireless environments
	Gossip-based coordination
		Aggregation
		A peer-sampling service
		Gossip-based overlay construction
		Secure gossiping
	Distributed event matching
		Centralized implementations
		Secure publish-subscribe solutions
	Location systems
		GPS: Global Positioning System
		When GPS is not an option
		Logical positioning of nodes
	Summary
Naming
	Names, identifiers, and addresses
	Flat naming
		Simple solutions
		Home-based approaches
		Distributed hash tables
		Hierarchical approaches
		Secure flat naming
	Structured naming
		Name spaces
		Name resolution
		The implementation of a name space
		Example: The Domain Name System
		Example: The Network File System
	Attribute-based naming
		Directory services
		Hierarchical implementations: LDAP
		Decentralized implementations
	Named-data networking
		Basics
		Routing
		Security in named-data networking
	Summary
Consistency and replication
	Introduction
		Reasons for replication
		Replication as scaling technique
	Data-centric consistency models
		Consistent ordering of operations
		Eventual consistency
		Continuous consistency
	Client-centric consistency models
		Monotonic reads
		Monotonic writes
		Read your writes
		Writes follow reads
		Example: client-centric consistency in ZooKeeper
	Replica management
		Finding the best server location
		Content replication and placement
		Content distribution
		Managing replicated objects
	Consistency protocols
		Sequential consistency: Primary-based protocols
		Sequential consistency: Replicated-write protocols
		Cache-coherence protocols
		Implementing continuous consistency
		Implementing client-centric consistency
	Example: Caching and replication in the Web
	Summary
Fault tolerance
	Introduction to fault tolerance
		Basic concepts
		Failure models
		Failure masking by redundancy
	Process resilience
		Resilience by process groups
		Failure masking and replication
		Consensus in faulty systems with crash failures
		Example: Paxos
		Consensus in faulty systems with arbitrary failures
		Consensus in blockchain systems
		Some limitations on realizing fault tolerance
		Failure detection
	Reliable client-server communication
		Point-to-point communication
		RPC semantics in the presence of failures
	Reliable group communication
		Introduction
		Scalability in reliable multicasting
		Atomic multicast
	Distributed commit
	Recovery
		Introduction
		Checkpointing
		Message logging
	Summary
Security
	Introduction to security
		Security threats, policies, and mechanisms
		Design issues
	Cryptography
		Basics
		Symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems
		Hash functions
		Key management
	Authentication
		Introduction to authentication
		Authentication protocols
	Trust in distributed systems
		Trust in the face of Byzantine failures
		Trusting an identity
		Trusting a system
	Authorization
		General issues in access control
		Attribute-based access control
		Delegation
		Decentralized authorization: an example
	Monitoring
		Firewalls
		Intrusion detection: basics
		Collaborative intrusion detection
	Summary
Index
Bibliography
Glossary
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
O
P
R
S
T
V