Distributed Energy Resources and Electric Vehicle. Analysis and Optimisation of Network Operations

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Comprehensive Review of Grid Operation with Distributed Resources and Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles
	1.1 Introduction: Overview of Distributed Resources and Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles
	1.2 Survey of Infrastructure and Charging Station Classifications
		1.2.1 UG Charging Infrastructure
		1.2.2 Off-Grid Charging Infrastructure
		1.2.3 Hybrid Charging Infrastructure
	1.3 Grid EV Charging Technology
	1.4 Distributed Resources with Microgrids
	1.5 EV Charging Station Classifications
	1.6 Different Modes of Grid Operation and their Comparison
	1.7 Proposed Methodology
	1.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 2 A Comprehensive Study of Life Cycle Assessments of Electric Vehicles and IC Engine Vehicles
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Methodology of LCA
		2.2.1 Framework of LCA
		2.2.2 Classification of LCA
		2.2.3 LCA Software Tools
		2.2.4 LCA Impact Parameters
	2.3 LCA Comparison of EVs and ICEVs
		2.3.1 LCA of EVs and ICEVs in Various Life Phases
		2.3.2 LCA Results of EVs and ICEVs in Several Studies
	2.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 3 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: Optimal Location Problem Modeling Options and Solution Techniques
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
		3.2.1 Charging Systems and Levels
		3.2.2 EV Connectors
		3.2.3 Issues with EVCS Infrastructure
	3.3 Location Problem Formation Approaches
		3.3.1 Distribution Network Operator (DNO) Approach
		3.3.2 Charging Station Owner (CSO) Approach
		3.3.3 EV User Approach
	3.4 Objective Function
		3.4.1 Cost
		3.4.2 Net Benefit
		3.4.3 Other Objective Functions
	3.5 Constraints
		3.5.1 Voltage Constraints
		3.5.2 Active and Reactive Power Constraints
		3.5.3 SOC of the Battery
	3.6 Methods for Optimal Location Planning of an EVCS
		3.6.1 Node-Based Approach
		3.6.2 Path-Based Approach
		3.6.3 Tour-Based Approach
	3.7 Solution Algorithms for Optimal Location Problems
		3.7.1 Optimization Techniques for Single-Objective Functions
	3.8 Optimization Techniques for Multi-Objective Functions
		3.8.1 Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II
		3.8.2 Multi-Objective Colliding Optimization Algorithm
		3.8.3 Multi-Objective Ant Lion Optimizer
	3.9 EV Load Integration Impact Analysis
		3.9.1 EV Load Integration Impact on Distribution Networks
		3.9.2 Negative Impacts
		3.9.3 Impact on the Voltage
		3.9.4 Impact on Power Loss
		3.9.5 Impact on Reliability
	3.10 Positive Impacts
		3.10.1 Benefit of V2G Schemes
		3.10.2 Easy Handling of Renewable Generation
		3.10.3 Impact on the Environment
		3.10.4 Economic Impact
	3.11 Summary
	3.12 Future Scope
		3.12.1 Renewable Energy Integrated with EVCSs
		3.12.2 Accurate Solution Techniques for EVCS Placement
	References
Chapter 4 Comprehensive Study on Electric Vehicles: Integration with Renewable Energy, Charging Infrastructure, Model Variations, Regulatory Frameworks, and Assessing Operational Efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Structure of the Article
	4.3 Conventional versus Smart Charge
	4.4 Analysing the Function of Electric Vehicle Aggregators in Intelligent Charging
	4.5 Optimal Scheduling for EV Aggregators
	4.6 EV Charging Standards
	4.7 Categorisation of EVs
		4.7.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
		4.7.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
		4.7.3 Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs)
		4.7.4 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
		4.7.5 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
	4.8 Electric Charging Models
		4.8.1 Level 1 Charging
		4.8.2 Level 2 Charging
		4.8.3 DC Fast Charging (Level 3 Charging)
		4.8.4 Wireless Charging
	4.9 Electric Vehicle Power Converters
		4.9.1 AC–DC Power Converters
		4.9.2 DC–DC Power Converters
		4.9.3 Onboard Chargers
		4.9.4 Power Electronics and Control Systems
	4.10 Analysing the Incorporation of EVs into the Power Grid
	4.11 Integration of EVs into Electrical Energy Systems
	4.12 Distribution Systems
		4.12.1 Microgrids
		4.12.2 Residential Electric Supply
	4.13 HEVs
	4.14 Performance-Enhancement Strategies
	4.15 Control Strategies
	4.16 Optimisation
	4.17 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5 Wireless Chargers for Electric Vehicles
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Batteries Used in EVs
	5.3 Charging Modes in EVs
	5.4 Benefits and Limitations of Wireless Power Transfer Technology in Charging EVs
	5.5 WPT Operation Modes
	5.6 Basic Schematic of a Wireless Charger for EVs
	5.7 Resonant Converters in Wireless Chargers for EVs
		5.7.1 Inverters
		5.7.2 Coupling Coils
		5.7.3 Rectifiers
		5.7.4 Compensation Methods
		5.7.5 Design Methodology
	5.8. Design and Performance Analysis of Experimental Prototypes
		5.8.1 Comparison of Different Compensation Methods in Wireless Charging Circuits
	5.9 Equivalent 2C Model for a 4C WPT System
		5.9.1 Equivalent 2C Model for a 4C WPT System
		5.9.2 Class-DE Resonant Inverter-Based WPT System for E-Scooter Applications
		5.9.3 Class-DE Type Parallel VSI
		5.9.4 Design Equations
		5.9.5 Compensation Capacitor Design
	5.10 Results and Discussion
		5.10.1 WPT System with a Push–Pull ø2 Inverter
		5.10.2 Push–Pull Class-ø2 Inverter
		5.10.3 Comparison of Class-E, Class-ø2, and Class-ø2 Push–Pull Inverter-Based Systems
	5.11 Simulation Results
	5.12 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Review of Control Strategy with Different Loading Conditions Considering Demand Side Management
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Control Strategy for Off-Peak Hours
		6.2.1 Master–Slave Control
		6.2.2 Peer-to-Peer Control
		6.2.3 Hierarchical Control
		6.2.4 SM Control
		6.2.5 Artificially Intelligent Control
	6.3 DSM
		6.3.1 TCL Manipulation
	6.4 Discussion
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Coordinated Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) and Distributed Power Generation in Grids Using AI Technology
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Uncoordinated EV Charging
	7.3 Existing Models and Explanations
	7.4 Drawbacks of the Existing Models
	7.5 Proposed Technology
	7.6 Operation and Working
	7.7 Results and Comparative Analysis
	7.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Model Predictive Control of Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System Using VSC-Based Shunt Controllers
	8.1 Introduction to Distributed Energy Resources
	8.2 Voltage and Power Flow Control Devices
	8.3 MPPT Control Strategy
	8.4 Finite Set Control MPC Strategies
	8.5 Power Flow Control Strategy
	8.6 Simulation Results
		8.6.1 Performance with MPC
		8.6.2 Analysis of Voltage Sag/Swell
		8.6.3 Analysis with Unequal Source Voltages
		8.6.4 Analysis with More Wind Potential than Load Demand
		8.6.5 Analysis with Less Wind Potential than Load Demand
		8.6.6 Analysis During Load Variation
	8.7 Experimental Results
		8.7.1 Analysis with Non-Linear Load and Irregular Utility Voltage
		8.7.2 Analysis with More Wind Potential than Load Demand
		8.7.3 Analysis with Less Wind Potential than Load Demand
	8.8 Conclusion
	8.9 Future Scope
	References
Chapter 9 Model Predictive Control of Multiple Renewable Energy Sources in Hybrid DC Microgrids for Power Flow Control
	9.1 Introduction to Distributed Energy Resources
	9.2 DC Microgrid
	9.3 DC Microgrid Model
	9.4 Fuel Cell Model
	9.5 Maximum Power Point Tracking Control
	9.6 Utilizing MPC for Power Flow Regulation
	9.7 Kalman Filter Design
	9.8 Simulation Results
		9.8.1 Power distribution for increased generated power and load
		9.8.2 Power distribution for decreased generated power and load
		9.8.3 Power Distribution for Different Scenarios of Generated Power with the Same Load
		9.8.4 Using Power Pooling for 24-Hour Operation
	9.9 Experimental Results
		9.9.1 Functioning of a Microgrid under an Increased Load
		9.9.2 Functioning of a Microgrid under a Reduced Load
		9.9.3 Microgrid Functioning in the Event of a Converter Failure
	9.10 Conclusion
	9.11 Future Scope
	References
Chapter 10 Analysis of an IUPQC Device Using Conventional PID and FOPID Controllers in a Wind Energy Conversion System
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 IUPQC Device Control Structure
	10.3 Conventional PID Controller
	10.4 Fractional Order PID Controller
	10.5 Proposed System
		10.5.1 Modelling Equations: Wind Turbine
		10.5.2 Modelling Equations: Wind Generator
	10.6 Simulation Results of the IUPQC Device with a FOPID Controller
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Photovoltaic-Based Battery-Integrated E-Rickshaw with Regenerative Braking Using Real-Time Implementation
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 PV Energy System
		11.2.1 Selection of the PV Array
		11.2.2 MPPT of the PV Array
		11.2.3 Design of Boost Converter
	11.3 Bidirectional DC–DC Converter
	11.4 BMS
	11.5 Regenerative Braking Method
	11.6 Simulation Results
	11.7 Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) Implementation and Results Discussion
	11.8 Conclusion
	11.9 Appendix
	References
Chapter 12 Allocation of Distribution System Losses Considering the Effects of Load Power Factor and Distributed Generation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Mathematical Formulation
		12.2.1 Change in Power Due to Variations in Power Factor
		12.2.2 Allocation of System Losses
		12.2.3 Allocation of Loss Saving
	12.3 Results and Discussion
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
Index