Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Europe's Transition Economies (Trade and Development) (Trade and Development)

Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 14
Contributors......Page 16
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 18
Part I Introduction......Page 22
1 Introduction and Summary......Page 24
Part II Eastern Europe......Page 72
2 New EU Member Countries......Page 74
3 Turkey......Page 112
Part III Commonwealth of Independent States......Page 154
4 The Russian Federation......Page 156
5 Ukraine......Page 196
6 Kazakhstan......Page 240
7 The Kyrgyz Republic......Page 286
8 Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan......Page 318
Appendix: Methodology for Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives......Page 360
Index......Page 390
Figures......Page 9
1.1. NRAs to Agriculture in the Region, 1992 to 2005......Page 39
1.2. NRAs to Agriculture, by Country, 2000–03......Page 41
1.3. NRAs in the Region, by Product, 1992–95 and 2000–03......Page 46
1.4. Applied Weighted Average Tariffs, Central and Eastern Europe, 2001–03......Page 51
1.5. RRAs to Agriculture in the Region, 1992–95 and 2000–03......Page 54
1.6. Net Agricultural Exports as a Share of Agricultural and Food Exports and Imports in the Region, 1996 to 2004......Page 55
2.1. Changes in Crop and Livestock Output, EU-10, 1989 to 2000......Page 79
2.2. Changes in Sectoral Output, EU-10, 1990 to 2001......Page 80
2.3. Agricultural Trade, EU-10, 1989 to 2004......Page 84
2.4. NRAs for Exportable, Import-Competing, and All Agricultural Industries, EU-10, 1992 to 2003......Page 87
2.6. NRAs for Various Agricultural Products, EU-10, 2000......Page 88
2.7. NRAs in Agricultural and Nonagricultural Tradable Sectors and RRAs, EU-10, 1992 to 2003......Page 91
3.1. Agricultural Trade, Turkey, 1961 to 2005......Page 116
3.2. Agricultural PSEs, Turkey, 1986 to 2005......Page 131
3.3. NRAs for Exportable, Import-Competing, and Total Agriculture, Turkey, 1961 to 2005......Page 136
3.4. RRA in Primary Agriculture, Turkey, 1961 to 2005......Page 140
3.5. NRAs Including and Excluding Product-Specific and Non-Product-Specific Support, Turkey, 1986–2005......Page 141
4.1. Producer NRAs and CTEs, Soviet Union, 1986......Page 160
4.2. Changes in Output during Transition, Russia, 1990 to 2004......Page 164
4.3. NRAs, Agricultural Importables, and Exportables, Russia, 1992 to 2005......Page 168
4.4. Decomposition of the Nominal Assistance to Agricultural Producers, Russia, 1992 to 2005......Page 170
4.5. Agricultural Price Gaps and Tariffs, Russia, 1992 to 2003......Page 172
4.6. The Foreign Exchange Rate, Agricultural Producer Assistance, and Producer Prices, Russia, 1991 to 2003......Page 174
4.7. RRAs in Agriculture, Russia, 1992 to 2005......Page 183
5.1. Gross Agricultural Output by Farm Type, Ukraine, 1990 to 2005......Page 201
5.3. NRAs in Agriculture and Nonagriculture and the Relative Rate of Assistance, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005......Page 213
5.4. The Composition of Farm Producer Support, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005......Page 216
5.5. Wheat Prices, Ukraine and the International Market, 2000 to 2006......Page 225
6.1. Nominal Rates of Assistance for Key Agricultural Products, Kazakhstan, 2000 to 2004......Page 271
7.3. Output Growth and Inflation, the Kyrgyz Republic, 1991 to 2006......Page 291
7.2. NRAs for Key Agricultural Products, the KyrgyzRepublic, 1993 to 2004......Page 303
8.1. International Price of Cotton, 1990 to 2005......Page 328
8.2. The Market for Cotton in Uzbekistan......Page 333
A1. A Distorted Domestic Market for Foreign Currency......Page 365
Tables......Page 10
1.1. Key Economic and Trade Indicators in the Region, 2000–04......Page 26
1.2. Membership in International Organizations, 1993–2004......Page 27
1.3. Growth of Real GDP in the Region, 1990–2004......Page 28
1.4. Sectoral Shares of GDP in the Region, 1992–2004......Page 30
1.6. Agricultural Shares in Merchandise Exports in the Region, 1995 and 2004......Page 31
1.8. Exports of Goods and Services as a Percentage of GDP, 1995 and 2004......Page 32
1.9. NRAs to Agriculture in the Region, 1992 to 2005......Page 40
1.10. Status of Agricultural Price and Market Reforms in the Region, 1997 to 2002......Page 44
1.11. TBIs in the Region, 1992 to 2005......Page 47
1.12. Standard Deviation in NRAs to Agriculture in the Region, 1992 to 2005......Page 48
1.13. RRAs to Agriculture in the Region, 1992 to 2005......Page 53
1.14. CTEs for Food Products in the Region, 1992 to 2005......Page 57
1.15. Relative per Capita Income, Agricultural Comparative Advantage, NRAs, and RRAs in the Region, 2000–03......Page 59
1.16. Annual Growth Rates in Cotton Area and Production and Changes in Seed Cotton Prices, Central Asia, 1993–2003......Page 61
2.1. Real Agricultural Income per Annual Work Unit in the EU-10 after Accession......Page 82
2.2. NRAs for Agricultural Commodities, EU-10, 1992 to 2003......Page 89
2.3. NRAs in Agricultural and Nonagricultural Sectors and RRAs, EU-10, 1992 to 2003......Page 92
2.4. Consumer Tax Equivalent for Food Products, EU-10, 1992 to 2003......Page 93
2.5. Political Economy Regression Results, EU-10......Page 97
3.1. The DIS Scheme, Turkey, 2001 to 2005......Page 127
3.2. NRAs in Agricultural Industries, Turkey, 1961 to 2005......Page 137
3.3. NRAs in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Sectors and RRAs, Turkey, 1961 to 2005......Page 139
3.4. Summary of the Influences on the Agricultural and Food Sectors of Turkey......Page 144
3.5. The CTE for Food Products, Turkey, 1986 to 2005......Page 145
4.1. Importance of the Agrifood Sector in the Economy, Russia, 1990 and 2003......Page 159
4.2. NRAs and RRAs, Agricultural Producers, Russia, 1992 to 2005......Page 165
4.3. NRAs, Agricultural Producers, by Commodity, Russia, 1992 to 2005......Page 167
4.4. Agricultural Trade, Russia, 1992 to 2004......Page 169
4.5. Changes in Real Agricultural Producer Prices, Russia, 1994 to 2002......Page 180
4.6. CTEs for Various Foods, Russia, 1992 to 2005......Page 185
5.1. Major Economic Indicators and the Production of Key Agricultural Products, Ukraine, 1960 to 2005......Page 199
5.2. Nominal Rates of Assistance and Fiscal Support for Agriculture, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005......Page 207
5.3. Sectoral Tariffs and Nontariff Indicators, Ukraine, 1993 to 2004......Page 210
5.4. NRAs for Agricultural and Nonagricultural Products, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005......Page 212
5.5. Tax Equivalents on Prices for Inputs in Agricultural Production, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005......Page 215
5.6. CTEs for Various Foods, Ukraine, 1992 to 2005......Page 218
5.7. Economic Indicators on Agriculture and Food Processing, Ukraine, 2000 to 2005......Page 224
6.1. Production of Key Agricultural Products, Kazakhstan, 1980 to 2005......Page 243
6.2. Exports of Key Agricultural Products, Kazakhstan, 1995 to 2004......Page 245
6.3. The Value of Agricultural Exports and Imports, by Subsector, Kazakhstan, 2003......Page 246
6.4. Inventory of Livestock, by Farm Type, Kazakhstan, 1990 to 2002......Page 250
6.5. Budget Transfers to Agriculture, Kazakhstan, 2000 to 2005......Page 251
6.6. Import Tariffs on Agricultural Products, Kazakhstan, 1996 to 1997......Page 254
6.7. The Status of WTO Accession Negotiations, Kazakhstan, 1996 to 2006......Page 255
6.8. Nominal Rates of Assistance for Wheat, Kazakhstan, 2000 to 2004......Page 261
6.9. Producer Prices for Wheat and Rice Relative to Cotton Lint, Kazakhstan, 1994 to 2002......Page 263
6.10. Estimated Nominal Rates of Assistance for Major Agricultural Products, Kazakhstam, 2000 to 2004......Page 270
6.11. Sensitivity Analysis of Assistance Estimates, Key Agricultural Products, Kazakhstan, 2000 to 2004......Page 272
7.1. Land Resources and Population, by Oblast, the Kyrgyz Republic, 1995 and 2001......Page 287
7.2. Basic Economic and Agricultural Indicators, the Kyrgyz Republic, 1992 to 2004......Page 290
7.4. Gross Value of Agricultural Output, the Kyrgyz Republic, 1990 and 2004......Page 293
7.5. Budget Expenditure for Agriculture and Water Resources, the Kyrgyz Republic, 1993 to 2004......Page 297
7.7. NRAs for Key Agricultural Products, the Kyrgyz Republic, 1993 to 2004......Page 301
7.8. NRAs for Cotton, the Kyrgyz Republic, 2000 to 2004......Page 302
8.2. Farmland Resources, Central Asia, 1999......Page 319
8.3. Macroeconomic Performance, Central Asia, 1989 to 2006......Page 320
8.4. Cotton Area Harvested and Output, Central Asia, 1992 to 2003......Page 326
8.5. Cotton Output, Central Asia, 2004/05 Season......Page 327
8.6. Output Prices for Cotton, Central Asia, 1997 and 2003......Page 329
8.7. Cost of Plant Nutrients, Central Asia, Mid-1990s......Page 330
8.8. Output of Key Crops and Stocks of Animals, Central Asia, 1992 to 2005......Page 337
8.9. Estimated Transfers from Agriculture, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, 1990s......Page 342
8.10. Cotton Producer Taxes and Subsidies, Uzbekistan, 2000 to 2004......Page 344
8.11. Value of Cotton Taxes and Subsidies, Uzbekistan, 2004......Page 345
8.12. Cotton Prices, Uzbekistan, 2002......Page 347
8.13. Farmgate Prices for Cotton, Central Asia, 1990 to 2004......Page 349