Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East (The Contemporary Middle East)

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
List of Tables......Page 12
List of Charts and Maps......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 15
Introduction: Dispossession and Forced Migration in the Middle East: Community Cohesion in Impermanent Landscapes......Page 17
Scope of the term Middle East in this study......Page 19
Organization of the book chapters......Page 20
Introduction......Page 23
Theoretical background......Page 26
Migration theory......Page 27
Involuntary migration......Page 30
Nationalism, boundaries, minorities, and majorities......Page 36
Identity formation, ethnicity, and nationalism......Page 38
Displacement, space, and place......Page 39
Ethnic and national ideologies......Page 42
Multicultural spaces and hybridized places......Page 46
Placing the Other (‘Us’ and ‘Them’)......Page 47
Community and social cohesion......Page 49
2 Dispossession and Forced Migration in the Late Ottoman Empire: Distinct Cultures and Separated Communities......Page 54
Dispossession, banishment, exile, and refuge in Europe......Page 55
Dispossession and refuge in the Ottoman lands......Page 58
The rise of the Ottoman Empire......Page 59
The establishment of the millet (religious community) to govern the non-muslim (dhimmi) peoples......Page 61
The European interferences in Ottoman affairs regularized in the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire......Page 64
Ottoman identities and social transformations in the nineteenth century......Page 66
Millets, nationalism, and the Tanzimat reconsidered......Page 69
European and Russian imperialism and the diminution of the Ottoman state......Page 76
Dismemberment of the empire (and the growing dispossession of Muslims from Ottoman Europe)......Page 81
Greek nationalism......Page 82
Romanian semi-independence......Page 83
Serbian independence......Page 85
Bosnian rebellion (1875–6) and the Russian–Ottoman Wars of 1877–8......Page 86
Jewish immigration to Palestine......Page 90
Armenian nationalism......Page 92
The Macedonia problem 1912–3......Page 95
The Armenian massacres of 1915–6......Page 98
The end of empire and the emerging Turkish state......Page 100
Conclusion......Page 103
3 Circassian, Chechnyan, and Other Muslim Communities Expelled from the Caucasus and the Balkans......Page 107
Waves of expulsion......Page 110
Surviving expulsion and forced migration......Page 113
Caucasian settlement in the Balkans......Page 117
Secondary forced migration into Anatolia and the southern Ottoman provinces......Page 119
Caucasian forced migrants turn settlers in the Syrian provinces......Page 124
Damascus district settlements......Page 126
Jaulan Heights settlements......Page 128
Southern Syrian provinces......Page 132
Zarqa and other Chechnyan settlements......Page 135
Ethnic Identity and National Loyalty......Page 136
Conclusion......Page 143
4 The Armenians and Other Christians: Expulsions and Massacres......Page 150
Historical background......Page 154
Armenians in the late Ottoman period......Page 155
A protected minority......Page 156
Armenian nationalist agenda: Terrorism and vilification in Anatolia......Page 162
Wars in the East and the Armenian massacres......Page 170
Surviving the deportation and the death marches......Page 179
Conclusion......Page 192
5 Palestinian Dispossession and Exodus......Page 196
Who are the people of Palestine?......Page 198
The end of empires at the beginning of the twentieth century......Page 204
The emergence of European Zionism......Page 205
The Arab response......Page 208
The 1936–1939 Palestinian rebellion......Page 212
The UN Partition Plan of 1947 the declaration of the State of Israel 1948......Page 217
Palestinian expulsion and the humanitarian emergency......Page 220
The Palestinian exodus: Stateless refugees without protection or rights of return......Page 221
Palestinians in diaspora......Page 226
Lebanon......Page 228
Syria......Page 230
Jordan......Page 231
West Bank......Page 233
The Gaza Strip......Page 234
Discussion......Page 235
Josephine’s story......Page 236
Sa’ada’s story......Page 237
Walid’s story......Page 238
Ali’s story......Page 240
Conclusion: Palestinian notions of identity, of place and space......Page 242
6 Kurds: Dispossessed and Made Stateless......Page 247
Background (geography and history)......Page 250
The Baban revolt in 1806......Page 257
Mir Mohammed’s uprising in Soran......Page 258
Yezdan Sher revolt......Page 259
Shaykh Obeidullah’s revolt of 1880......Page 260
Kurdish separatism and nationalism......Page 276
Shaykh Said revolt......Page 277
Mount Ararat revolt......Page 278
Popular resistance in Dersim......Page 279
Kurds in Syria: stateless among citizens......Page 283
7 Liminality and Belonging: Social Cohesion in Impermanent Landscapes......Page 295
Dispossession, destruction and reconstruction......Page 300
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the ‘unmixing of peoples’ and the re-creation of deracinated ‘communities’......Page 305
Armenians and other Christian refugees on the Russian–Ottoman borders......Page 306
Palestinians......Page 307
Kurds......Page 308
From liminality to social cohesion in impermanent landscapes......Page 309
Liminality and belonging......Page 312
Place and space......Page 314
Identity and language......Page 317
Conclusion......Page 318
Bibliography......Page 321
Index......Page 339