Disinformation And Fake News

Contents......Page 5
 Notes on Contributors......Page 7
 List of Figures......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
Disinformation & Fake News: Meanings, Present, Future......Page 14
Conceptual Underpinnings......Page 16
Chapters......Page 20
Overview of Disinformation......Page 21
Disinformation in Context......Page 22
Countering Disinformation......Page 24
Notes Towards a Future Body of Work......Page 26
Overview of Disinformation......Page 32
Disinformation as a Threat to National Security......Page 33
The New Information Environment......Page 34
State Actor Influence Campaigns......Page 36
Tools and Techniques......Page 38
Response......Page 39
Conclusion......Page 41
References......Page 42
Tools of Disinformation: How Fake News Gets to Deceive......Page 44
Introduction......Page 45
Defining Fake News......Page 46
Sender Factors......Page 47
Message Factors......Page 49
Channel Factors......Page 50
Receiver Factors......Page 51
Conclusion......Page 52
References......Page 53
How News Audiences Think About Misinformation Across the World......Page 56
Methodology......Page 57
Trust in the News......Page 58
Types of Misinformation......Page 59
Public Concern Over Misinformation......Page 61
Exposure to Misinformation......Page 62
“Fake News” as a Term......Page 63
Addressing Concerns Over Misinformation......Page 64
Conclusion......Page 65
References......Page 66
Disinformation in Context......Page 67
Building Digital Resilience Ahead of Elections and Beyond......Page 68
Technological Vulnerabilities......Page 69
Exploiting Social Media Ahead of Elections......Page 71
Moldova—Doctored Video......Page 73
Mexico—Political Bots......Page 74
The United States—Sock Puppet Accounts......Page 75
Training......Page 76
Technology......Page 77
Future Threats......Page 78
References......Page 79
Fighting Information Manipulation: The French Experience......Page 81
Step 1: Disinformation Campaign......Page 82
Step 2: Data Hacking and Leaking......Page 83
Who Did It?......Page 84
Why Did It Fail?......Page 85
Luck......Page 86
Raising Awareness......Page 87
Beat Hackers at Their Own Game......Page 88
Undermining Propaganda Outlets......Page 89
Conclusion: The Road Ahead......Page 90
Framing the Debate: The CAPS-IRSEM Report......Page 91
Acting: Legislation, Media Literacy, and Internal Organization......Page 94
Disinformation and Cultural Practice in Southeast Asia......Page 96
Introduction......Page 97
How Southeast Asians Access the Internet and Why It Matters......Page 98
Media and ‘Trust’ in Southeast Asia......Page 100
The Political Context in Which Disinformation Spreads......Page 103
Conclusion and Solutions......Page 105
Hate Speech in Myanmar: The Perfect Storm......Page 107
Countering Disinformation......Page 119
NATO Amidst Hybrid Warfare Threats: Effective Strategic Communications as a Tool Against Disinformation and Propaganda......Page 120
How NATO Counters Russian Disinformation and Propaganda......Page 124
Sharpening Strategic Communications......Page 127
References......Page 130
Elves vs Trolls......Page 133
Elves’ Rules......Page 134
References......Page 138
Fake News and Disinformation: Singapore Perspectives......Page 139
Introduction......Page 140
The Southeast Asian and Singapore Contexts......Page 141
Singapore......Page 143
Singapore’s Protection from Online Falsehoods and Misinformation Act......Page 146
Comparison of Singapore’s Law and Other Legislation......Page 152
Non-legal Aspects: Media and Digital Literacy, and Building Trust......Page 153
Regional/International Level: Comparing Notes......Page 157
Conclusion......Page 158