Discrete and continuous shape writing for text entry and control

7Conclusions.pdf......Page 0
1.1 Background......Page 12
1.2 Central Hypothesis and Research Questions......Page 14
1.3.2 Accuracy of Measurements......Page 15
1.4 Outline......Page 16
2.2 Relaxing Fitts’ Law......Page 17
2.3.1 Example......Page 18
2.3.2 Similarity Function......Page 19
2.4.1.1 Design......Page 20
2.4.2.1 Entry Rate......Page 21
2.5.1.3 Apparatus......Page 22
2.5.3.2 Error......Page 23
2.6 Elastic Discrete Shape Writing......Page 24
2.6.1 Similarity Function......Page 25
2.6.2 Indexing......Page 27
2.6.4 Lexicon......Page 28
2.7 Experiment 3: “Expert” Entry Rate – A Pilot Study......Page 29
2.8.3 Error Correction Interface......Page 30
2.10 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 31
2.10.2 Summary......Page 33
3.1 Introduction......Page 35
3.1.2 Movement Efficiency and Chunking......Page 36
3.1.3 Continuous Learning......Page 37
3.1.3.1 Relation to Marking Menus......Page 39
3.2 User Interface......Page 40
3.2.1 Keyboard Design......Page 41
3.2.2 Error Correction......Page 43
3.2.2.1 Correcting a Confusion Error......Page 44
3.2.2.2 Correcting an Out-of-Vocabulary Error......Page 45
3.2.3.1 Display of Recognized Word and Reinforcement of the Ideal Shape......Page 46
3.2.3.2 Minimizing Pen-Trace Clutter......Page 47
3.2.3.3 Morphing Visualization......Page 48
3.2.4 Avoiding the Hand Obscuring the Keyboard Layout......Page 50
3.3 Shape Writing on Mobile Phone......Page 51
3.4 Practice Game......Page 53
3.4.1 Efficiency......Page 54
3.4.3 Challenge......Page 55
3.5.2 Korean......Page 56
3.6 Experiment 3.1: Learning......Page 61
3.6.1.4 Material......Page 63
3.6.1.5 Procedure......Page 64
3.6.2.1 Recall Rate......Page 67
3.6.3 Discussion......Page 69
3.7 Experiment 3.2: Immediate Efficacy......Page 70
3.7.1.3 Apparatus......Page 71
3.7.1.4 Material......Page 72
3.7.1.5 Procedure......Page 73
3.7.2.1 Error Rate......Page 74
3.7.2.2 Entry Rate......Page 76
3.7.2.3 Subjective Ratings and Open Comments......Page 79
3.7.3 Discussion......Page 80
3.8 Experiment 3.3: Accelerated Novice Performance......Page 81
3.8.1.4 Material......Page 82
3.8.1.5 Procedure......Page 83
3.8.2.1 Entry Rate......Page 86
3.8.2.2 Subjective Ratings and Open Comments......Page 89
3.8.3 Discussion......Page 90
3.9 Summary......Page 91
4.1 Introduction......Page 93
4.2.1 Region Encoding......Page 94
4.2.1 Linear Machines......Page 95
4.2.2 Elastic Matching......Page 97
4.3 Continuous Shape Writing Recognition......Page 98
4.3.1 Multi-Channel Recognition......Page 99
4.3.1.2 Location Channel......Page 100
4.3.1.3 Channel Integration......Page 102
4.3.2 Shape-Translation Distance Function......Page 103
4.3.2.1 Shape Distance Function......Page 104
4.3.2.3 Shape-Translation Distance......Page 105
4.4 Conclusions......Page 106
5.1 Introduction......Page 109
5.2.1 Short Command Strokes......Page 110
5.2.2.1 Finding Practical Long Command Strokes......Page 112
5.2.2.2 Increasing Accuracy in Recognition......Page 114
5.2.4 Visual Feedback......Page 115
5.3 Experiment 5.1: Error and Response Time......Page 116
5.3.1.4 Material......Page 117
5.3.1.5 Procedure......Page 118
5.3.2.2 Reaction Time......Page 121
5.3.2.4 Error......Page 122
5.4.5 Disambiguation......Page 125
5.4.6.5 Benefits the Novice and the Expert......Page 126
5.5.1 Procedure and Design......Page 127
5.5.2.2 Selection Time......Page 128
5.8 Related Work......Page 133
5.9 Conclusions......Page 135
6.1 Introduction......Page 138
6.2.1.2 Stick Keyboards......Page 140
6.2.1.3 Chording Keyboards......Page 141
6.2.1.4 Thumb Keyboards......Page 142
6.2.1.5 Keypads......Page 144
6.2.2 Projection Keyboards......Page 149
6.2.3 Tilt-Based Text Entry......Page 150
6.2.4 Software Keyboards......Page 151
6.2.4.1 Optimized Software Keyboards......Page 152
6.2.4.2 Error-Correcting Software Keyboards......Page 154
6.2.4.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 155
6.2.5 Handwriting Recognition......Page 156
6.2.5.1 Recognition of Pitman Script......Page 157
6.2.7 Prediction......Page 158
6.2.7.3 Touch-Wheel Prediction......Page 159
6.2.8 Abbreviation......Page 160
Artificial Alphabets......Page 161
6.2.10 Word-Level Single-Stroke Encoding......Page 163
6.2.11 Hierarchic Text Entry Methods......Page 165
6.3.1 Entry Rate......Page 168
6.3.1.2 Ceiling Entry Rate......Page 169
6.3.2 Error......Page 170
6.3.4 Immediate Efficacy......Page 171
6.3.6 Preparation Time......Page 172
6.3.8 Comfort......Page 173
6.3.10 Visual Attention......Page 174
6.3.11 Cognitive Resources......Page 175
6.3.13 Single vs. Multi-Character Entry......Page 176
6.3.14 Specification vs. Navigation......Page 177
6.3.17 Robustness......Page 178
6.3.20 Manufacturing Cost......Page 179
6.4 Text Entry Methods in Design Space......Page 180
6.4.1 What Matters Most?......Page 181
6.4.3 Guiding Design Dimensions......Page 182
6.4.4 Implementation and Commercially Related Design Dimensions......Page 183
6.4.5 Floor Entry Rate Comparison of Text Entry Methods......Page 184
6.4.6 Ceiling Entry Rate Comparison of Text Entry Methods......Page 186
6.4.7 Comparison Redux – Non Quantitative Design Dimensions......Page 187
6.5 Conclusions......Page 189
7.1 Summary......Page 191
7.2 Limitations and Future Work......Page 192
7.3 Concluding Remarks......Page 193