Discovery of the Magnetosphere

Discovery of the Magnetosphere......Page 1
COPYRIGHT PAGE......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 5
INTRODUCTION......Page 7
EARLY GEOMAGNETISM......Page 8
SOLAR STREAMS......Page 10
SOLAR LINKS TO GEOPHYSICS......Page 11
THE IONOSPHERE AND MAGNETO-IONIC THEORY......Page 12
WHISTLERS AND TH E PLASMAPAUSE......Page 13
THE BEGINNINGS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS......Page 14
REFERENCES......Page 17
2. AURORAL ZONE TO AURORAL OVAL......Page 19
3.AURORAL SUBSTORMS: FIXED PATTERN TO SUBSTORM PATTERN......Page 23
4. NIKOLSKY'S SPIRALS......Page 24
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 28
2. BENEATH NORTHERN SKIES, EARLY GLIMPSES OF THE MAGNETOPSHERE......Page 29
3. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF DUNGEY'S HYPOTHESIS AND MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRICFIELD IN THE MAGNETOTAIL 1965-1975......Page 35
4. THE APOLLO 15 AND 16 PARTICLES AND FIELDS SUBSATELLITE......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 41
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA......Page 42
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 50
1. PROLOGUE......Page 52
2. GRADUATE STUDIES AT STANFORD......Page 53
3. ONWARD WITH THE KNEE PHENOMENON......Page 56
5. ANGER AMI'S WORK ON THE EQUATORIAL PROFILE......Page 58
6. CONVINCING THE COMMUNITY......Page 59
8. DETECTION OF SUBSTORM DRIFTS......Page 61
11. EPILOGUE......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 63
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 65
2. MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS......Page 66
3. RECONNECTION......Page 67
4. WAVE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS......Page 69
5. THE NEUTRAL SHEET......Page 72
6. THE FUTURE HAS STARTED......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
EDUCATION OF A SPACE PHYSICIST......Page 75
EARLY YEARS AT GODDARD......Page 77
SUMMARY......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 79
Alfvén's influence......Page 80
MHD shocks......Page 81
The Van Allen Belts......Page 82
Motions in the Magnetosphere of the Earth......Page 83
The Solar Cosmic Rays......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 85
A RADIO BACKGROUND......Page 86
EARLY WHISTLER EXPERIMENTS......Page 88
CONTROLLED SOURCES OF WHISTLER MODE SIGNALS......Page 91
TRIGGERED VLF EMISSIONS......Page 92
INTERPRETATION OF TRIGGERED EMISSIONS......Page 93
SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS OF WHISTLER MODEWAVES......Page 94
CONCLUSIONS......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 96
1. SETTING THE STAGE......Page 98
2. EARLY ROCKET EXPERIMENTS......Page 99
4. NRL TO NASA TRANSITION......Page 100
5. EXPLORER 10 P-14......Page 101
6. ORBITING GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIESOGOs......Page 103
7. INITIAL ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS......Page 104
8. APOLOGIES AND COMMENTS......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 107
The Magnetosphere is Brought to Life......Page 109
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 121
2. RAY TRACING STUDIES OF WHISTLERS......Page 122
VARIOUS WHISTLER MODE PHENOMENA ELUCIDATED BY RAY TRACING......Page 125
5. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF RAY TRACING TECHNIQUE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS......Page 126
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 128
7. REFERENCES......Page 129
Music and the Magnetosphere......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 144
I. THE EARLY YEARS......Page 145
II. THE VIEW FROM CHICAGO......Page 146
III. THE ORIGINS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS......Page 147
IV. DYNAMICS OF A TENUOUS PLASMA......Page 148
V. SOLAR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION......Page 150
VI. THE GEOMAGNETIC STORM......Page 153
VIII. EPILOGUE......Page 155
REFERENCES......Page 156
l.THE DISCOVERER/CORONA PROGRAM......Page 159
2.0 DISCOVERER RESEARCH PAYLOADS......Page 161
3.0 THE AURORA EXPERIMENTS......Page 162
4.0 THE STARFISH EVENT......Page 164
5.0 CONCLUSIONS......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
1. SPACE RESEARCH AND COSMIC RAYS AT APL 1946-1950......Page 167
3. THE EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET 1948-1952......Page 169
4. THE MOUSE AND TRAPPED-PARTTCLE RINGCURRENTS 1952-1957......Page 170
5. TRAPPED PARTICLES AND FARSIDE AT CASP1953-1958......Page 171
7. RADIATION BELT THEORY 1958-1962......Page 173
8. OTHER MAGNETOSPHERIC PROBLEMS 1953-1962......Page 174
9. POSTSCRIPT: FROM MAGNETOSPHERE INTO THEATMOSPHERE 1962-1996......Page 176
REFERENCES AND NOTES......Page 178
BACKGROUND......Page 187
SPACE PHYSICS IN 1966......Page 188
ENLIGHTENMENT......Page 189
INAUGURATION......Page 190
CLOSING REMARKS......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 193
PREPARATION IN THE PRE-NASA YEARS......Page 194
EARLY YEARS OF THE DISCOVERY PERIOD AT NASA AMES: 1958-63......Page 199
LATER YEARS OF THE DISCOVERY PERIOD AT NASA AMES: 1963-1969......Page 205
THE POST-DISCOVERY PERIOD: 1969-1997......Page 213
REFERENCES......Page 217
INTRODUCTION.......Page 221
CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC PULSATIONS.......Page 223
CONNECTION OF CONTINUOUS PULSATIONS PROPERTIES WITH THE PARAMETERS OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE AND THE SOLAR WIND.......Page 224
DISCOVERY OF INTERVALS OF PULSATIONS WITH DIMINISHING PERIODS IPDP.......Page 228
CONCLUSION.......Page 231
REFERENCES......Page 232
1. A PERSONAL INTRODUCTION......Page 235
2. WORK WITH BALLOON-LAUNCHED ROCKETS......Page 237
3. PLANNING FOR OBSERVATIONS WITH SATELLITE-BORNE INSTRUMENTS......Page 238
4. DISCOVERY OF T H E NATURAL RADIATION BELTS OF T H E EARTH, EXPLORERS I AND III......Page 239
5. ARTIFICIAL RADIATION BELTS, EXPLORER IV......Page 243
6. EARLY CONFIRMATIONS OF THE INNER RADIATION BELT AND DISCOVERY OF THE OUTER RADIATION BELT -EXPLORER IV AND PIONEERS I,  II, III, AND IV......Page 246
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 250
2. THE ARGUS EXPERIMENTS......Page 252
3. STARFISH......Page 257
4. HIGH ALTITUDE DETONATIONS BY THE USSR......Page 259
EPILOGUE......Page 260
REFERENCES......Page 261
2. RESEARCH AT MINNESOTA BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR......Page 263
3. THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR DISCOVERY OF AURORAL X-RAYS......Page 264
4. BEGINNINGS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS......Page 265
5. SOLAR COSMIC RAYS......Page 266
7. THE SUN AND THE RADIATION BELTS......Page 267
8. GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT OBSERVATIONS......Page 268
9. OTHER MAGNETOSPHERIC CONCEPTS......Page 269
REFERENCES......Page 270
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 272
3. RADIATION BELT DYNAMICS......Page 273
4. WAVE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS......Page 275
5. SOLAR WIND COUPLING AND MAGNETOSPHERIC CONVECTION......Page 276
6. STORMS AND SUBSTORMS......Page 279
7. GLOBAL MODELING......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 282