Discovery and Development of Anti-Breast Cancer Agents from Natural Products

Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Editor’s Biography
Forewords
Preface
Chapter 1 - Discovery and Development of Anti-Breast Cancer Agents From Natural Products: An Overview
	1 - Introduction
	2 - An overview of the book
		2.1 - Chapter 2
		2.2 - Chapter 3
		2.3 - Chapter 4
		2.4 - Chapter 5
		2.5 - Chapter 6
		2.6 - Chapter 7
		2.7 - Chapter 8
		2.8 - Chapter 9
		2.9 - Chapter 10
		2.10 - Chapter 11
	3 - Concluding remarks
Chapter 2 - Epothilones A and B: The 16-Membered Natural Macrolides as a Fascinating Template for Antibreast Cancer Drug Di...
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Epothilones A and B: production and isolation, physical and spectral properties, anticancer potential, and mechanism of...
		2.1 - Production and isolation
		2.2 - Physical and spectral properties
			2.2.1 - Epothilone A (1)
			2.2.2 - Epothilone B (2)
		2.3 - Anticancer potential and mechanism of drug action
			2.3.1 - Anticancer potential
			2.3.2 - Mechanism of drug action
			2.3.3 - Structure-activity relationships (SARs) for epothilones
	3 - The epothilone template: role in anticancer drug discovery
	4 - Concluding remarks
	References
Chapter 3 - Anti-Breast Cancer Terpenoids of Natural Origins
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 - Causes of breast cancer
		1.2 - Types of breast cancers
		1.3 - Breast cancer biomarkers
		1.4 - Clinical diagnosis
		1.5 - Stages of breast cancer
		1.6 - Treatment options
	2 - Role of natural products in breast cancer treatment
		2.1 - Terpenes as anti-breast cancer agents
		2.2 - Sesquiterpenoids as anti-breast cancer agents
		2.3 - Diterpenoids as anti-breast cancer agents
			2.3.1 - Paclitaxel as a clinical drug against breast cancer
			2.3.2 - Structure–activity relationships (SARs) of paclitaxel
		2.4 - Triterpenoids as anti-breast cancer agents
			2.4.1 - Ursolic acid as anti-breast cancer agent
			2.4.2 - Cucurbitacins as anticancer agents against breast cancer
	3 - Future prospects
	4 - Concluding remarks
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 4 - Vinca Alkaloids as Chemotherapeutic Agents Against Breast Cancer
	1 - Introduction: an overview of breast cancer
	2 - Vinca alkaloids: general features, sources, and ethnopharmacological relevance
		2.1 - Vinblastine (originally known as vincaleucoblastine)
		2.2 - Vincristine (originally known as leurocristine)
		2.3 - Vinorelbine
		2.4 - Vindesine
		2.5 - Vinflunine
	3 - Isolation and characterization of vinca alkaloids
	4 - Mechanism of action of vinca alkaloids cytotoxicity
	5 - Preclinical studies: in vitro and animal research on the anti-breast activities of vinca alkaloids and its derivatives
	6 - Breast cancer clinical trials: the role of vinca alkaloids and derivatives
	7 - Commercial vinca alkaloids: pharmacokinetics, toxicity/adverse reactions and interactions
		7.1 - Pharmacokinetics
		7.2 - Toxicity/Adverse reactions
		7.3 - Interactions
	8 - Concluding remarks
	References
Chapter 5 - Cannabinoids and Breast Cancer
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Cannabinoid system
		2.1 - Cannabinoids receptors
		2.2 - Endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids
			2.2.1 - Endocannabinoids
			2.2.2 - Phytocannabinoids
			2.2.3 - Synthetic cannabinoids
	3 - Cannabinoids and therapeutics
	4 - Cannabinoids and cancer
		4.1 - Cannabinoid and cancer metabolism
		4.2 - Cannabinoids in cancer management
	5 - Cannabinoids and breast cancer
		5.1 - Cannabinoid system and breast cancer
		5.2 - Cannabinoids for breast cancer therapy
	6 - Concluding remarks
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 6 - Carotenoids as Tools in Breast Cancer Therapy
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Carotenoids
		2.1 - Natural sources of carotenoids
		2.2 - Carotenoids extraction from natural sources
			2.2.1 - Bacteria, yeast, fungus, and algae
			2.2.2 - Fresh vegetal matrix
	3 - Carotenoids and cancer
	4 - Natural carotenoids: promising role against breast cancer
		4.1 - Lycopene
		4.2 - β-Carotene
		4.3 - Crocetin and crocin
		4.4 - Lutein
		4.5 - Fucoxanthin
		4.6 - Astaxanthin
		4.7 - Canthaxanthin
	5 - Concluding remarks
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 7 - Flavonoids as Inducers of Apoptosis and Autophagy in Breast Cancer
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 - Flavonoids
		1.2 - Apoptosis and autophagy
	2 - Natural flavonoids with anti–breast cancer potential
		2.1 - Flavones
			2.1.1 - Apigenin
			2.1.2 - Baicalein and baicalin
			2.1.3 - Chrysin
			2.1.4 - Luteolin
			2.1.5 - Nobiletin
			2.1.6 - Wogonin and wogonoside
			2.1.7 - LL-202
			2.1.8 - LW-214
			2.1.9 - Flavopiridol
			2.1.10 - Artonin E
			2.1.11 - Jaceosidin
			2.1.12 - Diosmin
			2.1.13 - Acacetin
			2.1.14 - 5-Acetyl-6,7,8,4′-tetramethylnortangeretin
		2.2 - Flavanones
			2.2.1 - 2′-Hydroxyflavanone
			2.2.2 - 2′,3′-Dimethoxyflavanone
			2.2.3 - Naringenin
			2.2.4 - 8-Prenylnaringenin
			2.2.5 - Hesperetin
		2.3 - Flavanonols
			2.3.1 - Ampelopsin
			2.3.2 - Silibinin
		2.4 - Flavonol
			2.4.1 - Kaempferol and its glycosides
			2.4.2 - Isorhamnetin
			2.4.3 - Casticin (vitexicarpin)
			2.4.4 - Fisetin
		2.5 - Isoflavonoids
			2.5.1 - Daidzein and equol
			2.5.2 - Genistein
			2.5.3 - Methoxylated isoflavones: formononetin, calycosin, and biochanin A
		2.6 - Chalcones
			2.6.1 - Polyhydroxy chalcones
				2.6.1.1 - Butein
				2.6.1.2 - Isoliquiritigenin
			2.6.2 - Methoxylated chalcones and flavokavains
				2.6.2.1 - Flavokavains
				2.6.2.2 - Cardamonin
			2.6.3 - Prenylated chalcones
				2.6.3.1 - Xanthohumol
	3 - Extraction and isolation of flavonoids
	4 - Biosynthesis, synthesis of flavonoids, and computational applications
		4.1 - Biosynthesis of flavonoids
		4.2 - Synthesis of anti–breast cancer flavonoid derivatives
		4.3 - Synthetic and computational applications for anti–breast cancer flavonoids
	5 - Concluding remarks
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 8 - Phytoestrogens as Novel Therapeutic Molecules Against Breast Cancer
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Classification of phytoestrogens
		2.1 - Isoflavones
		2.2 - Lignans
		2.3 - Stilbenes
		2.4 - Coumestans
	3 - Mechanism of action of phytoestrogens
		3.1 - Estrogen receptor modulation
		3.2 - Aromatase inhibition
		3.3 - Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis
		3.4 - Inhibitors of estrogen synthesis
		3.5 - Antiangiogenesis
		3.6 - Epigenetic modulation
	4 - Nutritional consumption, metabolism, and bioavailability of phytoestrogens
	5 - Safety concerns on phytoestrogen use
	6 - Future perspective
	7 - Concluding remarks
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 9 - Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Potential of Natural Agents and Their Combinations for Breast Cancer
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 - Stages and types of breast cancer
		1.2 - Signs and symptoms of breast cancer
		1.3 - Factors responsible for breast cancer
			1.3.1 - Sex
			1.3.2 - Age
			1.3.3 - Genetic
			1.3.4 - Other factors
		1.4 - Chemoprevention and prophylactic surgery
	2 - Currently available treatments and their side effects
		2.1 - Chemotherapy
		2.2 - Combination therapy
		2.3 - Hormone therapy
		2.4 - Targeted therapy
	3 - The potential role of natural agents in the treatment of breast cancer
	4 - Combinatorial approach
		4.1 - Advantages of combination therapy for breast cancer
		4.2 - Nanotechnology-based combinations
	5 - Natural products for the treatment of breast cancer
		5.1 - General
			5.1.1 - Epigallocatechin gallate
				5.1.1.1 Combinatorial therapy of EGCG with chemotherapeutic agents
				5.1.1.2 Combination of EGCG with natural agents
				5.1.1.3 Nanocarrier delivery of EGCG
			5.1.2 - Sulforaphane
				5.1.2.1 Combination of SFN with chemotherapeutic agents
				5.1.2.2 Combination of SFN with natural agents
				5.1.2.3 Nanocarrier delivery of SFN
			5.1.3 - Apigenin
				5.1.3.1 Combinatorial therapy of apigenin with chemotherapeutic agents
				5.1.3.2 Combination of apigenin with natural agents
			5.1.4 - Resveratrol
				5.1.4.1 Combinatorial therapy of resveratrol with chemotherapeutic/natural agents
				5.1.4.2 Nanocarrier-based delivery of resveratrol
			5.1.5 - Curcumin
				5.1.5.1 Combinatorial therapy of curcumin with chemotherapeutic/natural agents
				5.1.5.2 Nanocarrier delivery of curcumin
			5.1.6 - Lycopene
				5.1.6.1 Combinatorial therapy of lycopene with chemotherapeutic agents
				5.1.6.2 Combinatorial therapy of lycopene with natural agents
				5.1.6.3 Nanocarrier-based delivery of Lycopene
			5.1.7 - Gingerol
				5.1.7.1 Nanocarrier-based delivery of 6-gingerol
			5.1.8 - Quercetin
				5.1.8.1 Combinatorial therapy of quercetin with chemotherapeutic agents
				5.1.8.2 Nanocarrier-based delivery of quercetin
			5.1.9 - Melatonin
				5.1.9.1 Combinatorial therapy of melatonin with chemotherapeutic agents
				5.1.9.2 Combinatorial therapy of melatonin with natural agents
				5.1.9.3 Nanocarrier delivery of melatonin
			5.1.10 - Thymoquinone
				5.1.10.1 Combinatorial therapy of thymoquinone with natural agents
				5.1.10.2 Nanocarrier delivery of thymoquinone
		5.2 - Discussion
	6 - Concluding remarks
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 10 - Nanoparticles for Delivering Natural Product Chemotherapeutics to Breast Cancer Cells
	1 - Introduction
	2 - Natural product chemotherapeutics and the need for nanoparticles
		2.1 - Liposomes
		2.2 - Polymersomes
		2.3 - Exosomes
		2.4 - Magnetic nanoparticles
		2.5 - Protein-based nanoparticles
	3 - Concluding remarks
	References
Chapter 11 - Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Breast Cancer and Role of Plant Products in Targeted Therapy
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 - Breast cancer-the global burden
		1.2 - Breast cancer biology
	2 - Clinical classification and characteristics of breast cancer
		2.1 - Classification
			2.1.1 - Histology
			2.1.2 - Grade
			2.1.3 - Stage
	3 - Origin of cancer cell
	4 - Breast cancer signaling pathways
		4.1 - Notch pathway
		4.2 - Wnt/β-catenin pathway
		4.3 - Hedgehog pathway
		4.4 - NF-kB pathway
		4.5 - Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway
		4.6 - Ras/MEK/Raf/ERK signaling pathway
		4.7 - AKT/PI3K pathway
			4.7.1 - PI3Ks Class I
			4.7.2 - PI3Ks Class II and III
		4.8 - c-JUN NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway
		4.9 - HSP 90 signaling pathway
		4.10 - Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) signaling pathway
		4.11 - Angiogenesis pathway
		4.12 - Estrogen receptor signaling pathway
		4.13 - Glycolysis: metabolic pathway
		4.14 - Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway
		4.15 - Protein kinase C pathway
		4.16 - HIF-1α signaling pathway
	5 - Breast cancer treatment with plant-based products
		5.1 - Plant species with anti-breast cancer potential
			5.1.1 - Glycine max
			5.1.2 - Vernonia amygdalina
			5.1.3 - Pfaffia paniculata
			5.1.4 - Withania somnifera
			5.1.5 - Taxus brevifolia
			5.1.6 - Ziziphus nummularia Wight
			5.1.7 - Andrographis paniculata
			5.1.8 - Centella asiatica
			5.1.9 - Phyllanthus amarus
			5.1.10 - Annona atemoya
			5.1.11 - Mappia foetida
			5.1.12 - Boswellia serrata
			5.1.13 - Caesalpinia sappan
			5.1.14 - Glycyrrhiza glabra
			5.1.15 - Populus nigra
			5.1.16 - Saffron crocus
			5.1.17 - Brassica sp.
			5.1.18 - Zingiber officinale
			5.1.19 - Paris polyphylla
		5.2 - Plant flavonoids with anti-breast cancer property
			5.2.1 - Quercetin
			5.2.2 - Kaempferol
			5.2.3 - Myricetin
			5.2.4 - Naringenin
			5.2.5 - Genistein
			5.2.6 - Daidzein
			5.2.7 - Hesperitin
			5.2.8 - Apigenin
			5.2.9 - Chrysin
			5.2.10 - Luteolin
			5.2.11 - Isorhamnetin
			5.2.12 - Silymarin
			5.2.13 - Eriodictyol
			5.2.14 - Fisetin
			5.2.15 - Calycosin
			5.2.16 - Glyceollins
			5.2.17 - Flavan-3-ols
			5.2.18 - Anthocyanins
				5.2.18.1 - Cyanidin
				5.2.18.2 - Delphinidin
				5.2.18.3 - Pelargonidin
				5.2.18.4 - Peonidin
			5.2.19 - Semisynthetic flavonoids with anti-breast cancer potential
				5.2.19.1 - Flavopiridol
				5.2.19.2 - 7-Monohydroxyethylrutoside
				5.2.19.3 - 7-O-Galloyltaxifolin
				5.2.19.4 - 7-O-Galloylquercetin
		5.3 - Plant phenolics with anti-breast cancer property
			5.3.1 - Cardanol
			5.3.2 - Rosmarinic acid
			5.3.3 - Resveratrol
			5.3.4 - Curcumin
		5.4 - Plant carotenoids with anti-breast cancer property
		5.5 - Miscellaneous phytochemicals with anti-breast cancer property
			5.5.1 - Capsaicin
			5.5.2 - Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)
			5.5.3 - Sulforaphane
			5.5.4 - Lycopene
	6 - Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgments
	Abbreviations
	References
Index
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