Discovering the humanities

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 10
Chapter 1 The Prehistoric Past and the Earliest Civilizations The River Cultures of The Ancient World......Page 16
 The Beginnings of Culture......Page 17
  Agency and Ritual: Cave Art......Page 18
  Paleolithic Culture and Its Artifacts......Page 19
  Neolithic Çatalhöyük......Page 20
  Neolithic Pottery Across Cultures......Page 21
  Neolithic Ceramic Figures......Page 22
  The Neolithic Megaliths of Northern Europe......Page 23
 Myth in Prehistoric Cultural Life......Page 25
  Myth in the Native American Cultures of the Southwest......Page 26
  1.1 Zuni Emergence Tale, Talk Concerning the First Beginning......Page 27
 Mesopotamia: Power and Social order in the Early Middle East......Page 29
  Sumerian Ur......Page 31
  Akkad......Page 33
  Babylon......Page 34
  1.2 from the Law Code of Hammurabi (ca. 1760 bce)......Page 35
  The Hebrews......Page 39
 The Stability of Ancient Egypt: Flood and Sun......Page 42
  The Nile and Its Culture......Page 43
  The Old Kingdom......Page 46
  The New Kingdom and Its Moment of Change......Page 49
  1.3a from the Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablet VI (late 2nd millennium bce)......Page 36
  1.3b from the Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablet X (late 2nd millennium bce)......Page 37
  1.3c from the Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablet XI (late 2nd millennium bce)......Page 38
  1.4 from the Hebrew Bible (Deuteronomy 6:6–9)......Page 40
  1.5 “This It Is Said of Ptah,” from Memphis, ca. 2300 bce......Page 45
  Closer look Reading the Palette of Narmer......Page 47
  Continuity & Change Egyptian and Greek Sculpture......Page 52
Chapter 2 The Greek World The Classical Tradition......Page 54
 Bronze Age Culture in the Aegean......Page 55
  The Cyclades......Page 56
  Minoan Culture in Crete......Page 57
  Mycenaean Culture on the Mainland......Page 60
  The Homeric Epics......Page 62
 The Rise of the Greek Polis......Page 64
  The Greek Architectural Tradition......Page 65
  Greek Sculpture and the Taste for Naturalism......Page 68
  Athenian Pottery......Page 71
  2.2b Sappho, lyric poetry......Page 73
  The Rise of Democracy and the Threat of Persia......Page 74
  2.4 Plutarch, Life of Pericles (75 ce)......Page 75
  The Sculptural Program at the Parthenon......Page 78
  Philosophy and the Polis......Page 79
  The Theater of the People......Page 82
  The Empire of Alexander the Great......Page 86
  Toward Hellenistic Art: Sculpture in the Late Classical Period......Page 88
  Aristotle: Observing the Natural World......Page 89
  Alexandria......Page 90
  Pergamon: Hellenistic Capital......Page 91
  2.1 from Homer, Iliad, Book 24 (ca. 750 bce)......Page 63
  2.5b Sophocles, Antigone......Page 84
  Closer look The Classical Orders......Page 69
  Continuity & Change Rome and Its Hellenistic Heritage......Page 96
Chapter 3 Empire Urban Life and Imperial Majesty in Rome, China, and India......Page 98
 Rome......Page 100
  Republican Rome......Page 101
  Imperial Rome......Page 104
  3.2 from Virgil, Georgics......Page 105
  Augustus and the City of Marble......Page 107
  3.3 from Letters of Pliny the Younger......Page 114
 China......Page 117
  Early Chinese Culture......Page 118
  Imperial China......Page 121
 Ancient India......Page 126
  Hinduism and the Vedic Tradition......Page 128
  Buddhism: “The Path of Truth”......Page 129
  3.1 Cicero, On Duty, 44 bce......Page 102
  3.5 from The Tao Te Ching (or Dao De Jing)......Page 120
  3.7 Fu Xuan, “To Be a Woman”......Page 122
  Closer look The Tomb of Qin Shihuangdi......Page 123
  Continuity & Change Christian Rome......Page 131
Chapter 4 The Flowering of Religion Faith and the Power of Belief in the Early First Millennium......Page 134
 Developments in Judaic Culture......Page 136
 The Rise of Christianity......Page 137
  4.1 from the Bible, Romans 5:1–11......Page 138
  Symbols and Iconography in Christian Thinking and Art......Page 139
  Christian Rome......Page 140
  4.3 from Augustine, The City of God......Page 145
  4.4 from the Qur’an, Surah 76......Page 150
  4.5 from the hadith......Page 153
  The Spread of Islam......Page 154
 The Spread of Buddhism......Page 157
  4.2 The Nicene Creed......Page 141
  Closer look The Bismillah and the Art of Calligraphy......Page 151
  Continuity & Change Byzantine Influences......Page 160
Chapter 5 Fiefdom and Monastery, Pilgrimage and Crusade The Early Medieval World in Europe......Page 162
 Anglo-Saxon Artistic Style and Culture......Page 164
  5.1 Beowulf, trans. Burton Raffel......Page 165
  The Song of Roland: Feudal and Chivalric Values......Page 168
  Promoting Literacy......Page 170
  The Medieval Monastery......Page 171
  Capetian France and the Norman Conquest......Page 174
 Pilgrimage Churches and The Romanesque......Page 177
  5.4 From Pope Innocent III, On the Misery of the Human Condition......Page 181
 The Crusades......Page 182
 Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Art of Courtly Love......Page 184
  5.2 Song of Roland......Page 169
  5.3 From Hildegard of Bingen, Scivias......Page 172
  5.5 Comtessa de Dia’s “Cruel Are the Pains I’ve Suffered,” from Lark in the Morning: The Verses of the Troubadours......Page 185
  5.6 from Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot......Page 186
  Closer look The Bayeux Tapestry......Page 175
  Continuity & Change Toward a New Urban Style: The Gothic......Page 188
Chapter 6 The Gothic and the Rebirth of Naturalism Civic and Religious Life in an Age of Inquiry......Page 190
 Saint-denis and the Gothic Cathedral......Page 191
  Stained Glass......Page 193
  Gothic Architecture......Page 194
  Gothic Sculpture......Page 195
  Music in the Gothic Cathedral: Growing Complexity......Page 198
 The Rise of the university......Page 199
  Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism......Page 200
  6.1 Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Theologica......Page 201
  The Gothic Style in the French Ducal Courts......Page 202
  The Miniature Tradition......Page 203
 Civic and Religious Life in Siena and florence......Page 205
  Siena and Florence: Commune and Republic......Page 206
  Painting: A Growing Naturalism......Page 207
  6.2 from Dante, Inferno, Canto 34......Page 213
  The Black Death and Its Aftermath......Page 214
  6.3 from Boccaccio, Decameron......Page 215
  6.5 from Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Prologue......Page 217
  6.6 from Christine de Pizan, Book of The City of Ladies......Page 219
  6.7 from Christine de Pizan, Tale of Joan of Arc......Page 220
  Closer look Giotto’s Scrovegni Chapel......Page 211
  Continuity & Change The Dance of Death......Page 222
 The State as a Work of Art: florence and the Medici......Page 224
  The Gates of Paradise......Page 227
  Florence Cathedral......Page 228
  Scientific Perspective and Naturalistic Representation......Page 229
  The Medici Family and Humanism......Page 232
  Lorenzo the Magnificent: “… I find a relaxation in learning.”......Page 233
  7.2 from Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)......Page 236
 Papal Patronage and the high Renaissance in Rome......Page 240
  Bramante and the New Saint Peter’s Basilica......Page 241
  Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel......Page 242
  Raphael and the Stanza della Segnatura......Page 246
  The Medici Popes......Page 247
  Josquin des Prez and the Sistine Chapel Choir......Page 248
  7.5b from Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, Chapter 5 (1513)......Page 251
 The High Renaissance in Venice......Page 252
  Venetian Architecture......Page 253
  Masters of the Venetian High Renaissance: Giorgione and Titian......Page 254
  Women and Family Life......Page 257
  7.7 from Laura Cereta, Defense of Liberal Instruction for Women (1488)......Page 258
  7.9 from Veronica Franco, Terze rime, Capitolo 13......Page 259
  Music of The Venetian High Renaissance......Page 260
  7.1 “A Song for Bacchus,” 1490......Page 235
  7.3 from Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier, Book 1 (1513–18; published 1528)......Page 237
  7.4 from Giorgio Vasari, “Life of Leonardo,” in Lives of the Most Excellent Painters … (1550, 1568)......Page 239
  Closer look Raphael’s School of Athens......Page 249
  Continuity & Change Palladio and His Influence......Page 262
Chapter 8 Renaissance and Reformation in the North Between Wealth and Want......Page 264
 Art, Commerce, and Merchant Patronage......Page 265
  Robert Campin in Tournai......Page 266
  Jan van Eyck in Ghent and Bruges......Page 268
  Hieronymus Bosch in ‘s-Hertogenbosch......Page 270
  The German Tradition......Page 273
 Humanism and Reformation in the North......Page 276
  8.2a from Desiderius Erasmus, In Praise of Folly (1509)......Page 277
  8.3 from Martin Luther, Preface to Works (1545)......Page 278
  The Spread of the Reformation......Page 279
  The Printing Press: A Force for Ideas and Art......Page 282
  8.4 from Thomas More, Utopia, Book 2 (1516)......Page 283
  The English Portrait Tradition......Page 287
  8.5a from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act II, Scene 2 (1623)......Page 285
  8.5b from William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act III, Scene 1 (1623)......Page 286
  Closer look Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights......Page 271
  Continuity & Change The Catholic Church Strikes Back......Page 290
Chapter 9 Encounter and Confrontation The Impact of Increasing Global Interaction......Page 292
  9.1 from Bernal Díaz, True History of The Conquest of New Spain (ca. 1568; published 1632)......Page 295
  The Spanish in Peru......Page 298
 West African Culture and the Portuguese......Page 299
  The Indigenous Cultures of West Africa......Page 300
  Portugal and the Slave Trade......Page 303
  Islamic India: The Taste for Western Art......Page 306
  Mogul Architecture: The Taj Mahal......Page 308
  9.3 Shah Jahan, inscription on the Taj Mahal, ca. 1658......Page 309
  9.5 from Marco Polo, Travels......Page 310
  The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)......Page 311
  Painting and Poetry: Competing Schools......Page 315
  Luxury Arts......Page 316
  The Heian Period: Courtly Refinement......Page 317
  The Kamakura Period (ca. 1185–1392): Samurai and Shogunate......Page 319
  The Muromachi Period (1392–1573): Cultural Patronage......Page 320
  The Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573–1615): Foreign Influences......Page 323
  The Closing of Japan......Page 324
  9.2 from Jacob Eghaverba, A Short History of Benin......Page 301
  9.7 Ki no Tomonori, “This Perfectly Still”......Page 318
  Closer look Guo Xi’s Early Spring......Page 313
  Continuity & Change The Influence of Zen Buddhism......Page 326
Chapter 10 The Counter-Reformation and the Baroque Emotion, Inquiry, and Absolute Power......Page 328
 The Early Counter-Reformation and Mannerism......Page 330
  The Council of Trent and Catholic Reform of the Arts......Page 331
  The Rise of Mannerism......Page 332
  10.3 from Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, Fifth Exercise (1548)......Page 339
  10.4 from Teresa of Ávila, “Visions,” Chapter 29 of The Life of Teresa of Ávila (before 1567)......Page 340
  The Drama of Painting: Caravaggio and the Caravaggisti......Page 343
  Venice and Baroque Music......Page 346
  Antonio Vivaldi and the Concerto......Page 347
  New Imagery: Still Life, Landscape, and Genre Painting......Page 348
  Rembrandt van Rijn and the Drama of Light......Page 351
  Baroque Music in the North......Page 355
 Absolutism and the Baroque Court......Page 357
  The Court at Versailles......Page 358
  The Court Arts of England and Spain......Page 363
  10.1 from Pietro Aretino, Letter To Michelangelo (1545)......Page 334
  10.2 from The Trial of Veronese (1573)......Page 337
  10.5 John Donne, “Batter My Heart” (1618)......Page 344
  10.6 Molière, Tartuffe, Act V (1664)......Page 362
  Closer look Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp......Page 353
  Continuity & Change Excess and Restraint......Page 366
Chapter 11 Enlightenment and Rococo The Claims of Reason and the Excesses of Privilege......Page 368
 The English Enlightenment......Page 369
  11.1 from John Dryden, “Annus Mirabilis” (1667)......Page 370
  The Industrial Revolution......Page 373
  Absolutism versus Liberalism: Thomas Hobbes and John Locke......Page 374
  11.3 from John Locke’s Essay on Human Understanding (1690)......Page 375
  11.4b from John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book 5 (1667)......Page 376
  The English Garden......Page 379
  Literacy and the New Print Culture......Page 380
 The Enlightenment in france......Page 382
  The Rococo......Page 383
  Art Criticism and Theory......Page 387
  11.9 from “Law of Nature or Natural Law,” Diderot’s Encyclopédie (1751–72)......Page 389
  The South Pacific......Page 391
  China and Europe......Page 392
  11.2 from René Descartes, Meditations (1641)......Page 371
  11.6 from Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, Book 4, Chapter 6 (1726)......Page 377
  11.7 from Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man (1732–34)......Page 378
  11.8 from Jane Austen, Pride And Prejudice, Chapter 1 (1813)......Page 381
  11.11 from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse On The Origin Of Inequality Among Men (1755)......Page 390
  Closer look Watteau’s The Signboard of Gersaint......Page 385
  Continuity & Change The End of the Rococo......Page 396
Chapter 12 The Age of Revolution From Neoclassicism to Romanticism......Page 398
  The Declaration of Independence......Page 399
  The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen......Page 401
  Jacques-Louis David and the Neoclassical Style......Page 403
  Napoleon’s Neoclassical Tastes......Page 405
  Neoclassicism in America......Page 407
  12.3 from Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa the African (1789)......Page 408
 The Romantic Imagination......Page 410
  12.4 from William Wordsworth, “Tintern Abbey” (1798)......Page 411
  The Romantic Landscape......Page 412
  The Romantic Hero......Page 417
  The Classical Tradition......Page 421
  Beethoven: From Classicism to Romanticism......Page 422
  12.7 from Ludwig van Beethoven, Heiligenstadt Testament (1802)......Page 423
  12.1 from The Declaration of Independence (1776)......Page 400
  12.2 from The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)......Page 402
  12.5 from George Gordon, Lord Byron, “Prometheus” (1816)......Page 418
  12.6 from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust, Part 1 (1808)......Page 419
  Closer look The Sublime, the Beautiful, and the Picturesque......Page 415
  Continuity & Change From Romanticism to Realism......Page 426
Chapter 13 The Working Class and the Bourgeoisie The Conditions of Modern Life......Page 428
  Literary Realism......Page 432
  13.3 from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845)......Page 434
  Representing Slavery and the Civil War......Page 436
  Photography: Realism’s Pencil of Light......Page 437
 In Pursuit of Modernity: Paris in the 1850s and 1860s......Page 438
  13.4 Charles Baudelaire, “Carrion,” in Les Fleurs du mal (1857) (translation by Richard Howard)......Page 439
  Nationalism and the Politics of Opera......Page 441
 Impressionist Paris......Page 443
  Monet’s Plein-Air Vision......Page 444
  Morisot and Pissarro: The Effects of Paint......Page 445
  Renoir, Degas, Cassatt, and the Parisian Crowd......Page 446
  The Romantic Song of the American Self: Landscape and Experience......Page 451
  13.9 from Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself,” In Leaves of Grass (1867)......Page 454
  The British in China and India......Page 455
  The Opening of Japan......Page 456
  Africa and Empire......Page 457
  13.2 from Flaubert, Madame Bovary (1856)......Page 433
  13.5 from Charles Baudelaire, “The Painter of Modern Life” (1863)......Page 440
  13.8 from Walt Whitman, “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” (1856)......Page 453
  13.10 from Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (1899)......Page 458
  Closer look Renoir’s Luncheon of the Boating Party......Page 449
  Continuity & Change Toward a New Century......Page 460
Chapter 14 The Modernist World The Arts in an Age of Global Confrontation ......Page 462
  Post-Impressionist Painting......Page 463
  14.1 from Gertrude Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1932)......Page 468
  The Invention of Cubism: Braque’s Partnership with Picasso......Page 470
  Futurism: The Cult of Speed......Page 472
  A New Color: Matisse and the Expressionists......Page 473
  Modernist Music and Dance......Page 474
  14.3 Ezra Pound, “In a Station of the Metro” (1913)......Page 476
  14.4 William Carlos Williams, “The Red Wheelbarrow,” From Spring And All (1923)......Page 477
  14.7 Tristan Tzara, “Dada Manifesto 1918” (1918)......Page 479
  14.9 Alain Locke, The New Negro (1925)......Page 482
  14.10 from Langston Hughes, “Jazz Band In A Parisian Cabaret” (1925)......Page 483
  Russia: Art and Revolution......Page 485
  The Dreamwork of Surrealist Painting......Page 489
  The Stream-of Consciousness Novel......Page 492
  14.6b from T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land (1921)......Page 478
  14.8 from Hugo Ball, “Gadji beri bimba” (1916)......Page 480
  14.11 from James Joyce, Ulysses (1922)......Page 493
  14.12 from Marcel Proust, Swann’s Way (1913)......Page 494
  Closer look Eisenstein’s The Battleship Potemkin, “Odessa Steps Sequence”......Page 487
  Continuity & Change Guernica and the Specter of War......Page 496
Chapter 15 Decades of Change The Plural Self in a Global Culture......Page 498
  15.1 from Jean-Paul Sartre, No Exit (1944)......Page 500
  15.2b from Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot, Act II (1953)......Page 501
  Women Abstract Expressionists......Page 503
  The Beat Generation......Page 504
  15.3 from Allen Ginsberg, “Howl” (1956)......Page 505
  Architecture in the 1950s......Page 507
  Pop Art......Page 508
 The Winds of Change......Page 511
  Black Identity......Page 512
  15.7 from Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five (1969)......Page 516
  15.8 Anne Sexton, “Her Kind” (1960)......Page 519
 The Postmodern Era......Page 521
  Pluralism and Diversity in Postmodern Painting......Page 522
  15.9 from Jorge Luis Borges, “The Analytical Language of John Wilkins,” in Other Inquisitions 1937–1952, trans. Ruth L. C. Simms (1964)......Page 524
  15.11 Aurora Levins Morales, “Child of the Americas” (1986)......Page 525
  A Multiplicity of Media: New Technology......Page 528
  15.4b from Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (1952)......Page 513
  15.6 from Gil Scott-Heron, “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised” (1970)......Page 515
  Closer look Basquiat’s Charles the First......Page 517
  Continuity & Change The Environment and the Humanist Tradition......Page 534
Glossary......Page 536
Photo and Text Credits......Page 544
Index......Page 548