Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience: Disaster Economic Vulnerability and Recovery Programs

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Economic Vulnerability in Disaster Environments
	Chapter 1: Systemic Risk and Mitigating Economic Disasters in the Arctic: Cases of Oil Spills, Cruise Ships, and Pandemics
		1 Introduction
		2 Economic Disasters Related to Oil Spills, Cruise Ships, and Pandemics
			2.1 Oil Spills
			2.2 Cruise Ship Incidents
			2.3 Pandemics
		3 Discussions
			3.1 Summary of Economic Impacts
			3.2 Approaches to Risk Mitigation
				3.2.1 Current and Potential Role of Insurance and Risk Management Policies
			3.3 Residual Risks and Information Needs
		4 Summary and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 2: Assessing Loss and Damage of Low-Exposed Sudden-Onset Disasters: Evidence from the Marginal Salt Cultivators of Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Understanding Local Level “Loss and Damage”
			1.2 Climate Change Attribution
		2 State of Salt Cultivation in Bangladesh
		3 Salt Cultivation Under a Changing Climate
		4 Methods
			4.1 Study Area
			4.2 Data Collection
			4.3 Data Analysis
		5 Results and Discussion
			5.1 Respondents’ Profile
			5.2 Trend of Rainfall in Kutubdia, Cox’s Bazar, and Taknaf
			5.3 Trend of Salt Production in Cox’s Bazar
			5.4 Critical Stress Moment
			5.5 Major Climatic and Non-climatic Stressors for Salt Cultivators in Kutubdia
			5.6 Outcomes of Hazards on Salt Cultivators in Kutubdia
			5.7 Salt Cultivation in Kutubdia Is in Peril!
			5.8 Coping and Adaptation Measures
			5.9 Additional Burden on Smallholders Due to Low Market Price!
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: Disaster Economic Vulnerability and Recovery Programs Experience from Tanzania
		1 Introduction
		2 Overview of Key Concepts and Frameworks on Disaster Economic Vulnerability and Recovery Programs
			2.1 Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks
			2.2 Synthesis of the Findings from Econometric Studies
			2.3 Frameworks on Vulnerability and Resilience
		3 Assessment of Economic Vulnerability and Economic Recovery Programs
			3.1 Indices of Vulnerability and Recovery Program
			3.2 Determinants and Measures of Economic Vulnerability: An Econometric Approach
		4 Disaster Economic Vulnerability and Recovery Programs Experience from Tanzania
			4.1 Macroeconomic Stability
			4.2 Microeconomic Market Efficiency
			4.3 Good Governance
			4.4 Social Development
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Gendered Economic Vulnerabilities in Disaster Environments: The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic
		1 Introduction
		2 Research Methodology
		3 Literature Review
			3.1 Financial Gender (In)equality
			3.2 COVID-19 Pandemic Disaster and Economic Implications
			3.3 COVID-19 Pandemic Disaster Negative Impacts on Financial Gender Equality
			3.4 Recommendations for Pandemic Caused Gendered Economic Risk Mitigation
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5: Economic Growth and Hazard Risk Reduction
		1 Introduction
		2 Conceptual Clarification
		3 Theoretical and Empirical Debate
		4 Economic Growth-Hazard-Disaster Nexus in Developing Economies
			4.1 Technological Advancement
			4.2 Diffusion and Absorption of New Technologies
			4.3 Natural Resource Utilization
			4.4 Population Growth
			4.5 Overconcentration of Economic Activities/Rapid Urbanization
		5 Sustainable Adaptive Options for Growth-Hazard Relations for Developing Economies
			5.1 Financial Plan and Mainstreaming
			5.2 Flexible Institutional Structure
			5.3 Reinvestment and Diversification
			5.4 Knowledge Spillover/Human Capital Development
			5.5 Social Capital
			5.6 Evolving Urbanization-Resilient Approach
			5.7 Resilient-Relevant Infrastructures
			5.8 Frugal Innovations
		6 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Disaster Relief and Recovery Programs
	Chapter 6: Resilience in Disaster Relief and Recovery Programs at the Person-Environment Nexus
		1 Introduction
		2 Psychological Perspectives on Disaster Relief and Recovery Programs
			2.1 Psychological Resilience in Disaster Contexts
			2.2 Communal Resilience in Disaster Contexts
		3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Improving Resilience Capacity of the Policies and Planning for Temporary Shelters in Crises and Disasters
		1 Introduction
		2 Inclusivity and Accessibility in Temporary Sheltering Planning
			2.1 Inclusivity
			2.2 Spatial Factors and Accessibility
		3 Methods
			3.1 International Policies
			3.2 National Policies
			3.3 Findings
		4 Discussions
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 8: Evaluating Risk from Disasters to Improve Resilience: Lessons from Nigeria and South Africa
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Data and Methods
		4 Result and Discussions
			4.1 Country Losses to Assets, Socioeconomic Resilience, and Well-being
			4.2 Policy Priority in Disaster Risk Reduction Toward Improving Resilience
			4.3 Developing Socioeconomic Resilience to Natural Disasters
				4.3.1 Finance Resilience
				4.3.2 Be Ready to Partner with Relevant Stakeholders
				4.3.3 Ensure Viable Monitoring of Results
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Perspectives for Collaborative Disaster Risk Reduction: Experience Report from the Brazilian Disaster Knowledge Platform
		1 Introduction
		2 Institutional Framework for Collaborative DRR
			2.1 Legal/Documentary Framework
			2.2 Examples of Collaborative DRR Initiatives
		3 Collaborative Platforms
			3.1 Basic Technical Details about Platforms
			3.2 Using Metrics on Web Platforms
			3.3 Collaborative Platform Features
		4 PCON-Desastres Building Process
			4.1 Methodology for the Platform’s Development
				4.1.1 General Overview
				4.1.2 Technological Overview
				4.1.3 The Process of Creating Web Menus
				4.1.4 The Process of Creating the PCON Knowledge Tree
			4.2 Methodology for Evaluating and Spreading the Platform
				4.2.1 The Process of Interactive Improvement Based on Users’ Feedbacks
					4.2.1.1 The First Step to Understanding the User
					4.2.1.2 Experiment A: List of Contents About Disasters
					4.2.1.3 Experiment B: Actions at the Home Page
				4.2.2 Methodology for Collaborative Articulation and Dissemination
		5 PCON-Desastres Main Outputs
			5.1 PARTICIPANTS Web Menu
			5.2 ACTIONS Web Menu
			5.3 RESOURCES Web Menu
			5.4 LIBRARY Web Menu
			5.5 Knowledge Tree
			5.6 Lessons Learned
		6 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Environmental Hazards and Assessment
	Chapter 10: Development of an Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Assessment
		1 Introduction
		2 Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Assessment Methods
			2.1 Analytical Network Process (ANP) Method
			2.2 Logistic Regression (LR) Method
				2.2.1 Investigating the Effective Factors in the Earthquake
				2.2.2 Model Evaluation
					2.2.2.1 Chi-square Test
					2.2.2.2 ROC Test
			2.3 Probabilistic Seismic Assessment of Landslides
				2.3.1 Probabilistic Hazard Assessment (PHA) Method
				2.3.2 Probable Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Assessment
		3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 11: Typha Latifolia as a Tool for Biomonitoring of Hazardous Domestic Effluents
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Biological Material
			2.2 The Study Area and Raw Sewage Sampling
			2.3 Plant Culture and Preparation of the Experimental Setup
			2.4 Methods of Analysis
				2.4.1 Determination of Heavy Metal Pollution Indicators
				2.4.2 Biochemical Procedure
				2.4.3 Statistical Tests
		3 Results
			3.1 Water Quality
			3.2 Biochemical Parameters
				3.2.1 Effect of Raw Wastewater on Total Sugars Content
			3.3 Biomarkers Antioxidant Metabolites
				3.3.1 Effect of Raw Wastewater on Glutathione (GSH) Rates
				3.3.2 Malondialdehyde (MDA) Rates
		4 Discussions
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Untitled
	Chapter 12: Arsenic Control for Hazard Risk Reduction
		1 Introduction
		2 Assessment of Human Health Risk of Arsenic
		3 Arsenic in Soil and Water Resources
		4 Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Soil and Water
			4.1 Ion Exchange
			4.2 Phytoremediation
			4.3 Adsorption
			4.4 Phytobial Remediation
			4.5 Chemical Precipitation
			4.6 Electrokinetic Technics
			4.7 Electrocoagulation
			4.8 Membrane Filtration
		5 Switching to Save Water and Soil
		6 Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Climate Adaptation Monitoring and Resilience
	Chapter 13: A Climate Adaptation Monitoring Tool for Sustainable Marine Planning
		1 Introduction
		2 Organization of the Study
			2.1 Area of Context
			2.2 Future Land-Use Scenarios
			2.3 Participatory Workshops
		3 Methodology Overview
		4 Results
			4.1 Adaptation Strategies Identification
				4.1.1 Description of the Strategies
				4.1.2 Adaptation Strategies Prioritization
				4.1.3 Species as a Strategy Prioritization Tool
			4.2 Identification of Triggers
				4.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature Indicator and Trigger Development
				4.2.2 Salinity Indicator and Trigger Development
				4.2.3 Shoreline Change Indicator
					4.2.3.1 Coastal Change Trigger Development
			4.3 Monitoring Tool
				4.3.1 Building a Monitoring Tool to Support Adaptation Planning
				4.3.2 Resulting Evaluation
		5 Discussion
			5.1 Implications for Public Policy, Management, and Climate Change Adaptation
				5.1.1 Policy and Management
				5.1.2 Adaptation Planning
		Glossary
		References
	Chapter 14: Urban River Resilience
		1 Introduction
		2 Engineering Resilience
		3 Ecological Resilience
		4 Socio-Ecological or Adaptive Resilience
		5 Case Studies
			5.1 Capibaribe Park in Recife
				5.1.1 Thinking and Planning the City Adopting the Capibaribe River as the Backbone of a Water-Centered City
			5.2 Parnamirim Stream
				5.2.1 The Resilience of an Almost Dead Stream That the Community Tries to Revitalize
			5.3 Fishing Women in Recife City
				5.3.1 The Fishing Community of the Tejipió Estuary Represents a Good Example of Socio-Ecological Resilience in the Middle of a Metropolis of 4.5 Million Inhabitants
			5.4 Beberibe River
				5.4.1 Beberibe River Presents Socio-Ecological Resilience Only Upstream
		6 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Disaster Risk Reduction Policy, Governance and Resilience
	Chapter 15: Unveiling the Latent Disasters from a Holistic and Probabilistic View: Development of a National Risk Atlas
		1 Introduction
		2 The Holistic Approach
		3 The Risk Assessment Methodology
			3.1 The Probabilistic Risk Metrics
			3.2 The Expected Losses as Physical Risk Indicators
			3.3 The Impact Aggravating Indicators
		4 Outcomes for the Disaster Risk Atlas
		5 Conclusions
		References
Index