Dimensions of human behavior: the changing life course

Case Studies
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 A Life Course Perspective
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 1.1: The Suarez Family After September 11, 2001
		• Case Study 1.2: Michael Bowling, Swallowing His Pride
		• Case Study 1.3: Phoung Le, Serving Family and Community
	The Life Course Perspective and Social Work Practice
	Theoretical Roots of the Life Course Perspective
	Basic Concepts of the Life Course Perspective
		Cohorts
		Transitions
		Trajectories
		Life Events
		Turning Points
	Major Themes of the Life Course Perspective
		Interplay of Human Lives and Historical Time
		Timing of Lives
			Dimensions of Age
			Standardization in the Timing of Lives
		Linked or Interdependent Lives
			Links With Family Members
			Links With the Wider World
		Human Agency in Making Choices
		Diversity in Life Course Trajectories
		Developmental Risk and Protection
	Strengths and Limitations of the Life Course Perspective
	Integration With a Multidimensional, Multitheoretical Approach
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
Chapter 2 Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 2.1: Jennifer Bradshaw’s Experience With Infertility
		• Case Study 2.2: Cecelia Kin’s Struggle With the Options
		• Case Study 2.3: The Thompsons’ Premature Birth
	Sociocultural Organization of Childbearing
		Conception and Pregnancy in Context
		Childbirth in Context
			Childbirth Education
			Place of Childbirth
			Who Assists Childbirth
	Reproductive Genetics
		Genetic Mechanisms
		Genetic Counseling
	Control over Conception and Pregnancy
		Contraception
		Induced Abortion
		Infertility Treatment
	Fetal Development
		First Trimester
			Fertilization and the Embryonic Period
			The Fetal Period
		Second Trimester
		Third Trimester
		Labor and Delivery of the Neonate
	Pregnancy and the Life Course
	At-Risk Newborns
		Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
		Newborn Intensive Care
		Major Congenital Anomalies
	Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth Under Different Circumstances
		Substance-Abusing Pregnant Women
		Pregnant Women With Eating Disorders
		Pregnant Women With Disabilities
		Incarcerated Pregnant Women
		HIV-Infected Pregnant Women
		Pregnant Transmen
	Risk and Protective Factors in Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
Chapter 3 Infancy and Toddlerhood
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 3.1: Holly’s Early Arrival
		• Case Study 3.2: Sarah’s Teen Dad
		• Case Study 3.3: Overprotecting Henry
	Developmental Niche and Typical Infant and Toddler Development
	Physical Development
		Growth Patterns
		Self-Regulation
		Sensory Abilities
		Reflexes
		Motor Skills
		The Growing Brain
		Vaccinations
	Cognitive Development
		Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
		Information Processing Theory
		Language Development
	Socioemotional Development
		Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
		Emotion Regulation
		Temperament
		Attachment
			Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment
			Ainsworth’s Theory of Attachment
			Attachment and Brain Development
	The Role of Play
	Developmental Disruptions
	Childcare Arrangements in Infancy and Toddlerhood
		Parental Leave
		Paid Childcare
	Infants and Toddlers in the Multigenerational Family
	Risks to Healthy Infant and Toddler Development
		Poverty
		Inadequate Caregiving
		Child Maltreatment and Trauma
	Protective Factors in Infancy and Toddlerhood
		Maternal Education
		Social Support
		Easy Temperament
		National and State Policy
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
Chapter 4 Early Childhood
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 4.1: Terri’s Terrible Temper
		• Case Study 4.2: Jack’s Name Change
		• Case Study 4.3: A New Role for Ron and Rosiland’s Grandmother
	Typical Development in Early Childhood
		Physical Development
		Cognitive and Language Development
			Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
			Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
			Information Processing Theory
			Theory of Mind
			Language Skills
		Moral Development
			Understanding Moral Development
			Helping Young Children Develop Morally
		Personality and Emotional Development
			Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
			Emotions
			Aggression
			Attachment
		Social Development
			Peer Relations
			Self-Concept
			Gender Role Development
			Racial and Ethnic Identity
		The Role of Play
			Play as an Opportunity to Explore Reality
			Play’s Contribution to Cognitive Development
			Play as Practice for Morality
			Play as an Opportunity to Gain Control
			Play as a Shared Experience
			Play as the Route to Attachment to Fathers
		Developmental Delays and Disabilities
	Early Childhood Education
	Early Childhood in the Multigenerational Family
	Risks to Healthy Development in Early Childhood
		Poverty
		Homelessness
		Ineffective Discipline
		Divorce and Parental Relationship Dissolution
		Violence
			Community Violence
			Domestic Violence
			Child Maltreatment
	Protective Factors in Early Childhood
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
Chapter 5 Middle Childhood
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 5.1: Anthony’s Impending Assessment
		• Case Study 5.2: Jasmine’s Headaches
		• Case Study 5.3: Gabriela’s New Life
	Historical Perspective on Middle Childhood
	Middle Childhood in the Multigenerational Family
	Development in Middle Childhood
		Physical Development
		Cognitive Development
		Cultural Identity Development
		Emotional Development
		Social Development
			The Peer Group
			Friendship and Intimacy
			Team Play
			Gender Identity and Gender Roles
			Technology and Social Development
	Spiritual Development
	Middle Childhood and Formal Schooling
	Special Challenges in Middle Childhood
		Poverty
		Family and Community Violence
		Physical, Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Challenges
			Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
			Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
			Emotional/Behavioral Disorder
		Family Disruption
	Risk Factors and Protective Factors in Middle Childhood
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
Chapter 6 Adolescence
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 6.1: David’s Coming-Out Process
		• Case Study 6.2: Carl’s Struggle for Identity
		• Case Study 6.3: Monica’s Quest for Mastery
	The Social Construction of Adolescence Across Time and Space
	The Transition From Childhood to Adulthood
	Biological Aspects of Adolescence
		Puberty
		The Adolescent Brain
		Nutrition, Exercise, and Sleep
	Psychological Aspects of Adolescence
		Psychological Reactions to Biological Changes
		Changes in Cognition
		Identity Development
			Theories of Self and Identity
			Gender Identity
			Cultural Identity
	Social Aspects of Adolescence
		Relationships With Family
		Relationships With Peers
		Romantic Relationships
		Relationships With Organizations, Communities, and Institutions
			School
			The Broader Community
			Work
			Technology
	Adolescent Spirituality/Religiosity
	Adolescent Sexuality
		Sexual Decision Making
		Sexual Orientation
		Pregnancy and Childbearing
		Sexually Transmitted Infections
	Potential Challenges to Adolescent Development
		Substance Use and Abuse
		Juvenile Delinquency
		Bullying
		School-to-Prison Pipeline
		Community Violence
		Dating Violence and Statutory Rape
		Poverty and Low Educational Attainment
		Obesity and Eating Disorders
		Depression and Suicide
	Social Work Grand Challenge: Ensure Healthy Development for All Youth
	Risk Factors and Protective Factors in Adolescence
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
Chapter 7 Young Adulthood
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 7.1: Caroline Sanders as a Transgender Young Adult
		• Case Study 7.2: Sheila Henderson’s Long-Awaited Family Reunification
		• Case Study 7.3: Jonathan Stuart and Kai Hale as Older Parents of Twins
	A Definition of Young Adulthood
	Theoretical Approaches to Young Adulthood
		Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
		Levinson’s Theory of Life Structure
		Arnett’s Emerging Adulthood
			Cultural and Social Class Variations
			Multigenerational Concerns
	Physical Functioning in Young Adulthood
	The Psychological Self
		Cognitive Development
		Spiritual Development
		Identity Development
	Social Development and Social Functioning
		Relationship Development in Young Adulthood
			Romantic Relationships
			Parenthood
			Mentoring and Volunteering
		Young Adults and Technology
		Work and the Labor Market
	Risk Factors and Protective Factors in Young Adulthood
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
Chapter 8 Middle Adulthood
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 8.1: Mark Raslin, Finding Stability at 42
		• Case Study 8.2: Lisa Balinski, Trying to Balance It All at 50
		• Case Study 8.3: Maha Ahmed, Struggling to Find Meaning and Purpose at 57
	The Changing Social Construction of Middle Adulthood
		Changing Age Demographics
		A Definition of Middle Adulthood
		Culture and the Construction of Middle Adulthood
	Theories of Middle Adulthood
		Erikson’s Theory of Generativity
		Jung’s and Levinson’s Theories of Finding Balance
		Life Span Theory and the Gain-Loss Balance
	Biological Changes and Physical and Mental Health in Middle Adulthood
		Changes in the Reproductive System and Sexuality
		Changes in the Brain
		Changes in Health Status
	Intellectual Changes in Middle Adulthood
	Personality Changes in Middle Adulthood
		Trait Approach
		Human Agency Approach
		Life Narrative Approach
	Spiritual Development in Middle Adulthood
	Relationships in Middle Adulthood
		Middle Adulthood in the Context of the Multigenerational Family
		Relationships With Spouse or Partner
		Relationships With Children
		Relationships With Parents
		Other Family Relationships
		Relationships With Friends
	Work in Middle Adulthood
	Risk Factors and Protective Factors in Middle Adulthood
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
Chapter 9 Late Adulthood
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 9.1: The Smiths in Early Retirement
		• Case Study 9.2: Ms. Ruby Johnson, Caretaker for 3 Generations
		• Case Study 9.3: Joseph and Elizabeth Menzel, a German Couple
	Demographics of the Older Population
	Diversity of the Late-Adult Population
	Cultural Construction of Late Adulthood
	Psychosocial Theoretical Perspectives on Social Gerontology
	Biological Changes in Late Adulthood
		Health and Longevity
		Age-Related Changes in Physiology
		The Aging Brain and Neurodegenerative Diseases
			Dementia
			Alzheimer’s Disease
			Parkinson’s Disease
	Psychological Changes in Late Adulthood
		Personality Changes
		Intellectual Changes, Learning, and Memory
		Mental Health and Mental Disorders
	Social Role Transitions and Life Events of Late Adulthood
		Families in Later Life
		Grandparenthood
		Work and Retirement
		Caregiving and Care Receiving
		Widowhood
		Institutionalization
	The Search for Personal Meaning
	Resources for Meeting the Needs of Elderly Persons
		Informal Resources
		Formal Resources
	Technology and the Late-Adult Population
	Risk Factors and Protective Factors in Late Adulthood
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
Chapter 10 Very Late Adulthood
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Objectives
		• Case Study 10.1: Margaret Davis Stays at Home
		• Case Study 10.2: Pete Mullin Loses His Sister’s Support
		• Case Study 10.3: Marie Cipriani Is Losing Her Life Partner
	Very Late Adulthood: Charting New Territory
	Very Late Adulthood in Historical and Cultural Perspective
	What We Can Learn From Centenarians
	Functional Capacity in Very Late Adulthood
	Relationships in Very Late Adulthood
		Relationships With Family and Friends
		Intimacy and Sexuality in Very Late Adulthood
		Relationships With Organizations and Community
		The Use of Technology
	The Housing Continuum
	Spirituality in Very Late Adulthood
	The Dying Process
		Advance Directives
		Care of People Who Are Dying
		End-of-Life Signs and Symptoms
	Loss, Grief, and Bereavement
		Theories and Models of Loss
		Culture and Bereavement
	The Life Course Completed
	Implications for Social Work Practice
	Key Terms
	Active Learning
	Web Resources
References
Glossary
Index
About the Author
About the Contributors