Digitalization of Power Markets and Systems Using Energy Informatics

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Digitalization of Power Systems and Markets
	1.1 Multilayer Perspective Model and Energy Systems
	1.2 5Ds of Energy and Digital Green Shift
	1.3 Cyber-Physical Social Systems for Energy Systems and Markets
	1.4 Digitalization and Transition to Future Electrical Power Systems
	1.5 Integrating Renewables and Storage
	1.6 Smart and Connected VPPs and Microgrids
	1.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 2: Smart Grid Applications and Communication Technologies
	2.1 Smart Grid System and Communication Network Architecture
	2.2 Smart Grid Communication Technologies
		2.2.1 Wired Communication
			2.2.1.1 Fiber-Optic Communication
			2.2.1.2 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
			2.2.1.3 Cable Internet
			2.2.1.4 Power Line Communication (PLC)
		2.2.2 Wireless Communication
			2.2.2.1 ZigBee
			2.2.2.2 Wi-Fi
			2.2.2.3 Wireless Mesh
			2.2.2.4 Z-Wave
			2.2.2.5 WiMAX
			2.2.2.6 Cellular
			2.2.2.7 LoRa
			2.2.2.8 Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT)
			2.2.2.9 LTE-M
			2.2.2.10 Satellite Communication
	2.3 Smart Grid Applications and Network Requirements
		2.3.1 Premises Network Applications
		2.3.2 Neighborhood Area Network Applications
			2.3.2.1 Meter Reading
			2.3.2.2 Pricing Applications
			2.3.2.3 Prepaid Electricity Service
			2.3.2.4 Demand Response (DR)
			2.3.2.5 Service Switch Operation
			2.3.2.6 Distribution Automation (DA)
			2.3.2.7 Outage and Restoration Management
			2.3.2.8 Distributed Storage
			2.3.2.9 Electric Transportation
			2.3.2.10 Firmware Updates and Change Program/Configuration
			2.3.2.11 Customer Information and Messaging
			2.3.2.12 Premises Network Administration
		2.3.3 Wide Area Network (WAN) Applications
			2.3.3.1 Wide Area Control
			2.3.3.2 Wide Area Monitoring
			2.3.3.3 Wide Area Protection
	2.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 3: Smart Grid Standards and Protocols
	3.1 Standards Organizations, Alliances/User Groups, and Open Source Groups Dealing with Smart Grid Standards
	3.2 Smart Grid Standards and Protocols
		3.2.1 Enterprise, Control Center, and Wide Area Monitoring
			3.2.1.1 IEC 61970
			3.2.1.2 IEC 61968
			3.2.1.3 IEC 60870-6
			3.2.1.4 IEC 62325
			3.2.1.5 MultiSpeak
			3.2.1.6 IEEE C37.118
			3.2.1.7 P2418.5
		3.2.2 Substation Automation
			3.2.2.1 IEC 61850
			3.2.2.2 IEEE C37.1
			3.2.2.3 IEEE 1379
			3.2.2.4 IEEE 1646
			3.2.2.5 DNP3
			3.2.2.6 Modbus
			3.2.2.7 Open Platform Communications United Architecture (OPC UA)
			3.2.2.8 IEEE C37.111 (COMTRADE)
			3.2.2.9 IEEE 1159.3 (PQDIF)
			3.2.2.10 IEC 61158 (Fieldbus)
		3.2.3 Distributed Resources and Demand Response
			3.2.3.1 IEC 61400
			3.2.3.2 IEEE 1547
			3.2.3.3 DRBizNet
			3.2.3.4 OpenADR
		3.2.4 Metering
			3.2.4.1 ANSI C12
			3.2.4.2 M-Bus
			3.2.4.3 Electric Vehicles (EVs)
			3.2.4.4 SAE J1772
			3.2.4.5 SAE J2293
			3.2.4.6 SAE J2836
			3.2.4.7 SAE J2847
			3.2.4.8 SAE J2931
			3.2.4.9 SAE J2953
		3.2.5 Cybersecurity
			3.2.5.1 AMI System Security Requirements (AMI-SEC)
			3.2.5.2 NERC CIP
			3.2.5.3 NISTIR 7628
			3.2.5.4 IEC 62351
		3.2.6 Home/Building Automation
			3.2.6.1 BACnet
			3.2.6.2 Smart Energy Profile (SEP) 2.0
			3.2.6.3 LonWorks
			3.2.6.4 KNX
			3.2.6.5 X10
			3.2.6.6 DALI
			3.2.6.7 U-SNAP
	3.3 Challenges
	3.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 4: Introduction to Security for Smart Grid Systems
	4.1 Threat Modeling and Architectural Principals
		4.1.1 Trust Boundaries and Attack Surfaces
		4.1.2 Basic Security Architectural Principles
	4.2 Security Technologies
		4.2.1 Cryptographic Primitives
		4.2.2 Cryptographic Operations
		4.2.3 Security Protocols
			4.2.3.1 IP Security (IPsec)
			4.2.3.2 Transport Layer Security (TLS)
			4.2.3.3 Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS)
		4.2.4 Impact of Quantum Computing
	4.3 Security Architecture and Infrastructure
		4.3.1 Identity Management
			4.3.1.1 Public Key Certificates and the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
			4.3.1.2 Identity and Access Management (IAM) Services
		4.3.2 Access Control
			4.3.2.1 Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
			4.3.2.2 Access Credentials
		4.3.3 Confidentiality and Privacy
		4.3.4 Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks
	4.4 The Importance of Processes and People
	4.5 Smart Grid Security Reference Architecture
	4.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Energy Internet of Things
	5.1 What Are the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)?
	5.2 Communication and Software Concepts for IoT Devices
	5.3 Communication Technologies for IoT Applications
	5.4 IoT Sensors and Devices
		5.4.1 Smart Devices in the Distribution Domain
		5.4.2 Smart Devices in the Customer Domain
	5.5 An Energy Internet of Things (Energy IoT) Use Case: Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging
		5.5.1 EV Charging Network Functional Architecture
		5.5.2 EV Charging Access Network Architecture and Protocols
			5.5.2.1 EVCS to EV Interface
			5.5.2.2 EVCS to CSMS Interface
		5.5.3 Energy Management Network Architecture and Protocols
			5.5.3.1 EMS to CSMS and EMS to DSO Interfaces
		5.5.4 Customer Access and Roaming Settlement Network Architecture and Protocols
			5.5.4.1 eMSP to EV Driver Smart Phone App Interface
			5.5.4.2 CPO to Clearing House and eMSP to Clearing House Interface
			5.5.4.3 CPO to eMSP Interface
		5.5.5 Discussion
	5.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 6: Foundations of Big Data, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence and Explainable Artificial Intelligence
	6.1 Foundations of Big Data
	6.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
		6.2.1 Supervised Learning Models
		6.2.2 Unsupervised Learning
		6.2.3 Reinforcement Learning
		6.2.4 Ensemble Learning
	6.3 Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
	6.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 7: Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Domain
	7.1 Wind Power Forecasting
		7.1.1 Input Data for Wind Power Forecasting Systems
		7.1.2 Wind Power Forecast Modeling Approaches
	7.2 Solar Power Forecasting
		7.2.1 Input Data for Solar Forecasting Systems
		7.2.2 Solar Power Forecasting Model Approaches
	7.3 Predictive Maintenance
	7.4 Load and Net Load Forecasting
	7.5 Power System Control
		7.5.1 Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Investigated in Power Control Research
		7.5.2 Traditional Power System Control
		7.5.3 AI/ML for Power Systems Control
		7.5.4 Demand Response
	7.6 Grid Security
		7.6.1 Differentiating Anomalies from Attacks Using ML
		7.6.2 Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)
	7.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 8: Foundations of Distributed Ledger Technology
	8.1 Fundamentals of Distributed Ledger Technology
		8.1.1 What Are Blockchains Good For?
		8.1.2 Blockchain Platform Identity and Access Management (IAM) Architecture
		8.1.3 Examples of Widely Deployed Blockchain Platforms
		8.1.4 Basic Blockchain Mechanisms
			8.1.4.1 Blockchain Representation
			8.1.4.2 Uses of Cryptography
			8.1.4.3 Distributed Consensus Architecture and Algorithms
				Distributed Consensus Architectures
				Distributed Consensus Algorithms
		8.1.5 Smart Contracts
		8.1.6 Tokenization
	8.2 Decentralized Identifiers and Verifiable Credentials
		8.2.1 Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs)
		8.2.2 Verifiable Credentials
	8.3 Improvements in Blockchain Technology
		8.3.1 Forking
		8.3.2 Performance Improvements in Ethereum 2.0
			8.3.2.1 Ethereum 2.0
			8.3.2.2 Proof of Stake Consensus
			8.3.2.3 Sharding
			8.3.2.4 Faster Smart Contract Execution
	8.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 9: Energy Systems Meet with Blockchain Technology
	9.1 Energy Blockchain Use Cases
		9.1.1 Labeling, Energy Provenance, and Energy Attribute Certificates
	9.2 Decentralized and P2P Energy Trading
	9.3 EV Charging
	9.4 Grid and Customer Transactions
	9.5 Metering and Billing
	9.6 How to Build DLT-Based Services in the Energy Domain
	9.7 Performance and Scalability
	9.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 10: Optimization and Digitalization of Power Markets
	10.1 Introduction of Power Markets
		10.1.1 Energy Market
		10.1.2 Ancillary Service Market
		10.1.3 Capacity Market
	10.2 Wholesale Market Clearing and Pricing
		10.2.1 Optimal Power Flow and Economic Dispatch
		10.2.2 Locational Marginal Pricing
	10.3 Distribution and Local Energy Markets
		10.3.1 The Emerging Distribution Electricity Markets
		10.3.2 Framework of Distribution-Level Electricity Markets
		10.3.3 Market Clearing and Pricing in Distribution-Level Electricity Markets
		10.3.4 Local Energy Market and Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading
		10.3.5 Market Integrations of DERs
	10.4 Summary
	References
Index