Digitalization Across Organizational Levels: New Frontiers for Information Systems Research

Preface
Contents
Part I Introduction
	Studying Digitalization Across Levels: An Overview and Introduction
		1 Introduction
		2 The Evolution of Information Systems Research Across Organizational Levels
		3 Contributions in This Book
		4 Conclusion
		References
Part II Outsourcing and Multi-party Projects: Reflections and Experiences
	The Early History of IT Outsourcing: A Personal Reflection
		1 Introduction
		2 Three Waves of IT Outsourcing
			2.1 Wave 1: The Evolving Traditional Outsourcing of IT Services
			2.2 Wave 2: The Emergence of Cloud Computing and Platform Ecosystems
			2.3 Wave 3: The Development of Robotic Process Automation and “Outsourcing” to Software Bots
		3 The Early, Early Days of Outsourcing
			3.1 Why Do Companies Really Outsource?
			3.2 Unresolved Issues of Early Outsourcing Research: Loss of Internal Skills and Succession
		4 Academic Initiatives on IT Outsourcing
			4.1 Academic Conferences
			4.2 Journals/Institutions
		5 Conclusion
		References
			Appendix: Bibliography of the First Decade of IT Outsourcing Research
	How to Ensure Collective Action in Multinational Projects: Insights from the EurHisFirm Project
		1 Introduction
		2 The EurHisFirm Case
		3 Important Research Lenses
			3.1 Sociotechnical Perspective
			3.2 Standardization Theory
			3.3 The Second-Generation Theory of Collective Action
		4 The EurHisFirm Common Data Model Design Decisions
			4.1 Design Model of Bridging EurHisFirm User Requests and Solution Options Based on Standards and a Thorough Identification
			4.2 Implementation of the Gateway Function by Data Staging
			4.3 The EurHisFirm Identification Scheme
			4.4 The EurHisFirm Standardized Core Class Model
			4.5 Overarching Semantic Equivalence
		5 The Human and Organizational Realm of EurHisFirm: Multi-level Federated Standardization
			5.1 European Multi-level Federated Deliberation and Decision Hierarchy
			5.2 The Circular-Incremental Deliberation and Decision Process: The WGIS Example
		6 “The Fish Does Not Only Rot from the Head Down.” Now What?
			6.1 Analysis of the “Dichotomy” Between Subsidiarity and a Performant Center
				6.1.1 Not Every European State Is Set-Up as Federated as Others: Lack of Experience
				6.1.2 Proper Federative Work Requires on Lower Levels Precautionary Knowledge and the Willingness to Answer Demands from Higher Levels Quickly Enough
				6.1.3 The Role of the “Mass” of the Citizens
			6.2 Insertion: Deficiencies of the “European Head”
			6.3 Possible Ways Out of the Dilemma
				6.3.1 Education and Exercising Federalism
				6.3.2 Step-Up Research on Federalism
				6.3.3 Role Models
				6.3.4 Brush-Up Constitutions in Europe to Strengthen Federalism
				6.3.5 Allow More Flexibility on the Lower Levels of the European Multi-level Federated Deliberation and Decision Hierarchy
				6.3.6 Overarching Grand Challenge for Europe
		7 Summary
		References
Part III Culture and Gender: Recognition of Promotion
	A Theory of Organizational Information Culture
		1 Preface
		2 Introduction
		3 Advances in Information Systems
			3.1 MIS and the Structuring of Organizations
			3.2 DSS, EIS, and Organizational Decision-Making
			3.3 Knowledge Management Systems and Organizational Culture
			3.4 Summary
		4 Organizational Culture and Its Implication for KMS
			4.1 The Value View
			4.2 The Behavioral Perspective
			4.3 Individual Cultures
			4.4 Summary
		5 Implications and Conclusion
		References
	IT or Not IT? A Female View on Inhibiting and Promoting Factors in Young Women's Decisions for a Career in IT
		1 Introduction
		2 The Digital Gender Gap in Higher IT Education
		3 Inhibiting Factors
			3.1 Growth Phase
			3.2 Exploration Phase
			3.3 Decision
		4 Promoting Factors and Approaches
			4.1 Early Experiences and Support
			4.2 Addressing Stereotypes
			4.3 Targeted Design of IT Experiences
			4.4 Informing the Decision
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part IV Digital Platforms and Ecosystems: Outcomes and Implications
	How Access to Resources Affects Complementor Innovation in Platform Ecosystems
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical and Conceptual Background
			2.1 Platform Ecosystems: Resources as Input, Innovation as Outcome
			2.2 Hypotheses Development
			2.3 Direct Effects
			2.4 The Moderating Role of Platform Owner Information Sharing
		3 Methods
			3.1 Data Collection
			3.2 Instrument Development and Validation
			3.3 Data Analysis
		4 Results
		5 Discussion and Implications
			5.1 Theoretical Contributions
			5.2 Managerial Implications
			5.3 Limitations and Future Research
		References
	The Economic and Social Consequences of Digital Platforms: A Systematic and Interdisciplinary Literature Review
		1 Introduction
		2 Conceptual Background
			2.1 Digital Platforms and Network Effects
			2.2 Privacy
			2.3 Harmful Content
			2.4 Competition and Innovation
		3 Method
			3.1 Collection of the Literature
			3.2 Selection of the Literature
			3.3 Analysis of the Literature
		4 Results
			4.1 Privacy
				4.1.1 Privacy Regulation on Digital Platforms
				4.1.2 Economic Consequences of Privacy on Platform Governance Outcomes
				4.1.3 Economic Consequences of Privacy on Platforms' Core Value Propositions
				4.1.4 Economic Consequences of Privacy on Complementors' Business Model
				4.1.5 Social, Socio-Economic, and Economic Consequences of Privacy on Users
			4.2 Hate, Cyberbullying, and Discrimination on Digital Platforms
				4.2.1 The Presence of Hate and Discrimination on Digital Platforms
				4.2.2 Role of Anonymity on Digital Platforms
				4.2.3 Consequences of Discrimination and Hate on Platforms
				4.2.4 Mechanisms to Reduce Harmful Online Content
			4.3 Competition and Innovation
				4.3.1 Mutual Rivalry Between Platforms, Ecosystems, and Contributors
				4.3.2 Ecosystem Contributors
				4.3.3 Platform Interventions
		5 Mutual Dependencies in Research
			5.1 Privacy Decisions to Reduce Harm
			5.2 Privacy in the Competitive Environment
			5.3 Discrimination, Hate, and Cyberbullying in the Competitive Environment
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part V Emerging Technologies: Affordances and Opportunities
	The Affordances of Blockchain Platforms: Why Service Providers Use Blockchains
		1 Introduction
		2 Conceptual Background
			2.1 Blockchain Technology
			2.2 Understanding Blockchain Platform Use Through Affordance Theory
		3 Research Design
			3.1 Data Collection
			3.2 Data Analysis
		4 Results
			4.1 Functional Affordances of Blockchain Platforms
			4.2 A Network of Salient Blockchain Affordances
			4.3 Using Emergent Blockchain Platforms: The Role of Community Values
				4.3.1 Illustrating Blockchain Use Pattern 1: Decoupling and Diversification
				4.3.2 Illustrating Blockchain Use Pattern 2: Focus and Extended Engagement
		5 Discussion
			5.1 Implications for Theory on Blockchain Platforms and Affordances
			5.2 Practical Implications
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Process Mining for Carbon Accounting: An Analysis of Requirements and Potentials
		1 Introduction
		2 Conceptional Foundation: Process Mining for Carbon Accounting
			2.1 Carbon Accounting
				2.1.1 Corporate Carbon Footprint
				2.1.2 Corporate Carbon Accounting
				2.1.3 Carbon Accounting Standards and Approaches
			2.2 Process Mining
			2.3 Process Mining and Carbon Accounting
		3 Research Design
			3.1 Data Collection
			3.2 Data Analysis
		4 Results
			4.1 Requirements
				4.1.1 Retrieving and Integrating Carbon-Related Data
				4.1.2 Technical and Process Know-How
			4.2 Potentials
				4.2.1 Create Transparency About As-Is
				4.2.2 Identify Levers to Reduce CO2 on an Operational Process Level
				4.2.3 Link Operational Efficiency and Sustainability (Multidimensional Analysis)
			4.3 Summary of Findings
		5 Discussion
			5.1 Contribution to Theory and Practice
				5.1.1 Process Mining to Support Carbon Accounting in Recognizing the Carbon Footprint
				5.1.2 Process Mining to Support Carbon Accounting in Measuring the Carbon Footprint
				5.1.3 Process Mining to Support Carbon Accounting in Reducing the Carbon Footprint
			5.2 Limitations
			5.3 Future Research
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part VI Recommendation Networks and Industry Structure: Sales and Market Analysis
	The Impact of Product Recommendation Networks on Sales: The Moderating Influence of Product Age
		1 Introduction
		2 Related Work
		3 Data and Data Collection
		4 Method and Results
			4.1 PageRank Centrality
			4.2 Linear Model
			4.3 Quality of Linear Models
			4.4 Moderating Effects
		5 Robustness Checks
		6 Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Research
		References
	Airline Market Concentration in Europe
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review and Contribution
		3 Methodology
			3.1 Scope
			3.2 Competition Assessment
				3.2.1 Construction of the Set of Relevant Travel Alternatives
				3.2.2 Market Share Calculation for Each Travel Alternative
				3.2.3 Determination of the Level of Competition for Each Market
				3.2.4 Aggregation of Individual Markets' Competition Levels
		4 Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References