Digital Twins: Basics and Applications

Contents
Digital Twins Architecture
	1 Why to Talk About Digital Twins?
	2 The Main Digital Twin’s Components
		2.1 Physical System (PS)
		2.2 Virtual System (VS)
		2.3 Systems Data (SD)
		2.4 Communication Interface (CI)
	3 Is This a Digital Twin?
	4 Practical Case Studies
		4.1 Case Study I
		4.2 Case Study II
	References
Digital Twins for Physical Asset Lifecycle Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twin Asset Lifecycle Management (DTALM)
	3 Digital Twin Essence
	4 Digital Twin Systems
		4.1 Physical Domain
		4.2 Digital Domain
		4.3 Physics-Based Generative Models for Digital Twins
		4.4 Advances in Parameter Identifiability
	5 Data-Driven Digital Twins
		5.1 Statistical Learning Models
		5.2 Machine Learning Models
		5.3 Deep Learning Models
		5.4 Industrial Digital Twin Applications for PALM
	References
Digital Twins and Additive Manufacturing
	1 Additive Manufacturing
	2 Digital Twins
	3 DTs for AM Needs and Challenges
		3.1 Real Time Monitoring
		3.2 Database and Models
		3.3 Machine Learning
		3.4 Internet of Things
	4 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Agricultural Digital Twins
	1 The Digital Twins of Agriculture
	2 Digital Twins Build Smart Farms
		2.1 Artificial Intelligence Predicts Plant Growth
		2.2 Virtual Reality Simulation of 3D Digital Farm
		2.3 Blockchain Technology Realizes Supply Chain Management
		2.4 Problems that Still Exist in the Application of Digital Twins in the Agricultural Field
	3 Conclusion
	References
The Application of Digital Twins in the Field of Fashion
	1 Digital Twins of Human Bodies
		1.1 Virtual Human Models in Fashion Industry
		1.2 Source Information for Generating Virtual Human Model
		1.3 Tools for Virtual Body Model Digitalization
		1.4 Virtual Fit Mannequin Generating
	2 Digital Twins of Garment
		2.1 Structure of Virtual Fitting System
		2.2 Generating Virtual Garment from Virtual Patterns
		2.3 Generating Virtual Garment Directly on Virtual Human Model
	3 Future Development
	References
Digital Twins Collaboration in Industrial Manufacturing
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Contribution
		1.2 Chapter Organization
	2 Lightweight Framework of Digital Twins Collaboration for Industrial Manufacturing
		2.1 Physical Layer
		2.2 Digital Twins Layer
		2.3 Industrial Technologies Layer
		2.4 Application Layer
	3 Digital Twins Collaboration in Industrial Manufacturing Use Cases
		3.1 Energy Industry-Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbines
		3.2 Railway Industry-Predictive Maintenance
		3.3 Logistics Industry-Dynamic Routing
	4 Future Directions
		4.1 Security and Privacy
		4.2 Connectivity
		4.3 Timing, Speed, and Response
		4.4 Data Modelling
	5 Conclusion
	References
Social Media Perspectives on Digital Twins and the Digital Twins Maturity Model
	1 Defining Digital Twins
	2 Use of Social Media Analytics in Research
		2.1 Social Media Analytics Methodology
		2.2 Time Series Analysis of Tweets About Digital Twins
		2.3 Unsupervised Clustering of the Digital Twin Tweets
		2.4 Twitter Analysis by Industry
	3 Background on Maturity Models
	4 The Digital Twin Maturity Model
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References