Digital Twin Driven Intelligent Systems and Emerging Metaverse

Foreword
Contents
Digital Twin Fundamentals
The Digital Twin Case in the Technological Transformation Process: Research Articles, Academic Collaborations, and Topics
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Bibliometrics, Scientometrics, and Related Tools and Techniques
		3.2 Preprocessing and Analysis
	4 Results and Findings
		4.1 Overview of the Studies
		4.2 Authors
		4.3 Sources and Top Articles
		4.4 The Related Research Areas, Keywords, and Potential Topics
	5 Conclusion
	References
Towards Developing a Digital Twin for a Manufacturing Pilot Line: An Industrial Case Study
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Definitions of Digital Twins
		1.2 Elements
		1.3 Enabling Technology
		1.4 Case Study
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Physical Systems
		2.2 Data Management Technologies
		2.3 Digital Twin Services
	3 Physical Pair
		3.1 Pilot Line
		3.2 Process of Interest
		3.3 Process Assessment
	4 Data Management
		4.1 Data Collection
		4.2 Data Storage
	5 Dashboard CATCH.AI
		5.1 Catch.AI Overview
		5.2 CATCH.AI Connection to Kafka
		5.3 CATCH.AI Data Structure
		5.4 CATCH.AI Data Access
		5.5 CATCH.AI for External Services
	6 Anomaly Detection Model
		6.1 Product Quality Assessment
		6.2 Detection Model
		6.3 Experiments
	7 Conclusion
	References
An Architecture for Intelligent Agent-Based Digital Twin for Cyber-Physical Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Background
		3.1 Intelligent Agents and Multi-agent System
		3.2 Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS)
		3.3 Digital Twin and Key Concepts
		3.4 Cyber-Physical Systems
	4 The Proposed Architecture
		4.1 General Overview
		4.2 Main Components of the Architecture
	5 Reference Implementation
		5.1 Physical Asset
		5.2 Digital Asset
		5.3 Agent-Based CPS
		5.4 Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation
		5.5 Agent-Based Digital Twin
	6 Case Study: Smart Inter Factory Logistics
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Sustainable Digital Twin Engineering for the Internet of Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Digital Twins in Production
		2.2 Model-Driven Engineering
		2.3 Digital Shadows for Production
	3 Challenges of Digital Twins
	4 Sustainability and Digital Twins
	5 Approaches for Sustainably Developed Digital Twins
		5.1 Model-Driven Engineering of Self-adaptive Digital Twins
		5.2 Generating Digital Twin Cockpits
		5.3 Process Prediction as a Digital Twin Service
		5.4 Low-Code Platforms for Model-Driven Digital Twins
		5.5 Ontologies and Digital Twins
		5.6 Assistive Services Within Digital Twins
		5.7 Calibration and Adjustment of Simulation Models of Digital Twins
	6 Related Work
	7 Conclusion
	References
Digital Twin Use Cases
Fog-Connected Digital Twin Implementation for Autonomous Greenhouse Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 System Model
	4 Experimental Study
		4.1 System Setup and Method
		4.2 Hardware Design
		4.3 Network Architecture and Communication Protocol
		4.4 Digital Twin Implementation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Digital Twin Applications for Smart and Connected Cities
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twin for City Planning
	3 Digital Twin for Public Transportation
	4 Digital Twin for Energy Management
	5 Digital Twin for Public Healthcare
	6 Digital Twin for Waste Management
	7 Digital Twin for Sustainable Food and Water Security
	8 Communication and Cybersecurity Aspects
	9 Discussion and Observation
	10 Summary
	References
Digital Twin in Industry 4.0 and Beyond Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Digitalization and Industry 4.0
	3 Industry 4.0 Technologies
		3.1 Artificial Intelligence
		3.2 Internet of Things (IoT)
		3.3 Distributed Ledger Technology
		3.4 Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
		3.5 Cybersecurity
		3.6 5G and Beyond
		3.7 Robotics and Autonomous Driving
		3.8 Additive Manufacturing
	4 Industry 4.0 Application Areas
		4.1 Energy
		4.2 Agriculture
		4.3 Transportation
		4.4 Healthcare
		4.5 Manufacturing
		4.6 Supply Chain
		4.7 Facility Management
		4.8 Smart Cities and Connected Communities
	5 Discussion
	6 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Digital Twin and Manufacturing
	1 Introduction
	2 An Overview of Digital Twin
	3 Digital Twin for Manufacturing
		3.1 Product Design
		3.2 Real-Time Monitoring
		3.3 Quality Management
		3.4 Predictive Maintenance
		3.5 Production Planning
	4 Digital Twin Applications in Manufacturing and Industry
	5 Future Directions and Conclusion
	References
Interoperable Digital Twin Solutions for Asset-Heavy Industry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Challenges Associated with Digital Twin Implementations for Asset-Heavy Industry
		1.2 Elementary Aspects of Industrial Digital Twins
		1.3 Solution Framework
	2 Interoperable Digital Twin Solutions Based on Asset Administration Shell
	3 Scope of Asset-Heavy Industry
	4 Development of Interoperable Digital Twins
		4.1 Design of an Interoperable Digital Twin
		4.2 Implementation of Asset Administration Shell
	5 Experimental Case Study
		5.1 Use Case 1: A Robot in a Shipyard
		5.2 Use Case 2: A Power Train Control System in a Vessel
	6 Conclusions and Recommendation
	References
Digital Twin in Health Care
	1 Background
	2 Internal Medicine
	3 Surgery
	4 Intensive Care
	5 Radiology
	6 Geriatrics
	7 Chest Diseases
	8 Pathology
	9 Dermatology
	10 Eye Diseases
	11 Cardiology
	12 Gastroenterology
	13 Psychiatry
	14 Infection Epidemiology
	15 Orthopedics
	16 Neurology
	17 Barriers to the Use of DTs in Healthcare Systems
	18 Data Privacy
	19 Ethical Issues
	20 Human Factors and Other Issues
	21 Conclusion
	References
Digital Twin in Chronic Wound Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twin in Healthcare
	3 Review of Chronic Wound Management
		3.1 Types of Wounds and Tissues
		3.2 Continuum of Wound Healing
		3.3 Treatment Methods and Evaluation
	4 Enabling Technologies
		4.1 High-Performance Computing
		4.2 Internet of Things
		4.3 Artificial Intelligence
		4.4 Edge and Fog Computing
		4.5 Cloud Computing
		4.6 Data Privacy Concerns and Privacy Enhanced Techniques for Electronic Health Records
		4.7 Blockchain
		4.8 Communication Networks
	5 Chronic Wound Management System Using Digital Twin
		5.1 Data Collection
		5.2 Data Management
		5.3 Analysis and Model Management
		5.4 Digital Twin
	6 Discussion
	7 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Digital Twin in Construction
	1 Introduction
	2 The Concept and Origin of DT
	3 Level of Integration and DT Paradigm
	4 The Technologies for Applying DT
	5 DT Implementations in the Construction Sector
	6 DT Application in the Life Cycle Phase of Construction Projects
		6.1 Design and Engineering Phase
		6.2 Construction Phase
		6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase
		6.4 Deconstruction and Recovery Phase
	7 DT for Construction
	8 Value and Benefits
	9 Conclusion and Limitations
	References
An Interactive Digital Twin Platform for Offshore Wind Farms’ Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Twins of Offshore Wind Farms
	3 Development of an Interactive Digital Twin Platform
		3.1 The Data Source Layer
		3.2 The Simulation Layer
		3.3 The Visualization Layer
		3.4 The Communication Protocol
	4 Experimental Case Study
		4.1 Data Source
		4.2 Simulation
		4.3 Visualization
	5 Interactive Digital Twin Based on Augmented Reality (AR)
	6 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
Digital Twin Applications in Spacecraft Protection
	1 Introduction
	2 Spacecraft Structure and Impact Dynamics
		2.1 Structural Aspects of Spacecrafts
		2.2 Impact Dynamics and Spacecraft Protection
	3 Digital Twin Applications in Space Operations
		3.1 What is Digital Twin
		3.2 Digital Twins for Spacecraft Protection
	4 Conclusion
	References
Emerging Metaverse
Context Before Technology: The Possible Utopian/Dystopian Elements of the Metaverse with Examples from Great Literature
	1 Putting Metaverse on Its Pillars
		1.1 Pillars of “Meta”
		1.2 Pillars of the “VERSE”
	2 What Will Get Built on Top of the Pillars?
	3 Following the Breadcrumbs of Utopia and Dystopia to Metaverse
		3.1 Snow Crash: The Nation-States and Corporations in the Metaverse
		3.2 Ready Player One and Ready Player Two: The Connected Metaverse Where Living Becomes Fully Virtual
		3.3 Brave New World: Is the Metaverse the New Soma?
		3.4 Bringing in the Big Guns: What if Metaverse Becomes a Tool for Authoritarianism
		3.5 The Ministry for the Future: “Coin”ization of the World Economy for Our Own Sake
		3.6 Transition from Possession to Dispossession: What Does Ursula K. Le Guin Foresee?
	4 Conclusion: The Questions that Breed More Questions
	References
Cross-platform and Personalized Avatars in the Metaverse: Ready Player Me Case
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals
		2.1 Metaverse
		2.2 Decentralization
		2.3 Cross-Platform
	3 Avatars
	4 Case Study: Ready Player Me
		4.1 Cross-Platform Web Technologies
		4.2 Cross-Platform Avatars
		4.3 glTF/GLB
		4.4 Avatar API/Render API
		4.5 RPM NFT Implementations
	5 The Future of Avatars
	6 Conclusion
	References
Security Issues in Artificial Intelligence Use for Metaverse and Digital Twin Setups
	1 Introduction
	2 Usage Scenarios for Artificial Intelligence in Metaverse and Digital Twin Platforms
		2.1 Components of Metaverse–Digital Twin Collaboration
		2.2 Using the Artificial Intelligence for Digital Twin Components and the Metaverse
		2.3 Scenarios for Artificial Intelligence in the Metaverse
	3 Artificial Intelligence-Oriented Security Issues
		3.1 Attacks
		3.2 Vulnerabilities and Bugs
		3.3 User-Based Issues
	4 Solution Recommendations
	5 Conclusion
	References