Digital Rock Scour. Cloud‑Based Modelling and Engineering

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Author
List of Acronyms
List of Symbols
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digitalization in Engineering
	Introduction
	Terminology and Roots
		Terminology
		Roots of Digitalization
	Dam Engineering Digitalization
		Introduction
		Digital Technologies
	Rock Engineering Digitalization
		Introduction
		Digital Technologies
	River Engineering Digitalization
		Introduction
		Digital Technologies
	Coastal Engineering Digitalization
		Introduction
		Digital Technologies
	Future Trends in Digitalization
	References
Chapter 2 Rock Scour and Its Digital Challenge
	Introduction
		Terminology
		Scour Mechanisms
		Climate Change Relevance
	Engineering Disciplines
		Dams and Appurtenant Structures
		Bridge Piers and Abutments
		Coastal Areas
	Challenges in Rock Scour Engineering
	Rock Scour Digitization
	Rock Scour Digitalization
		Numerical Modelling
		Rock Mass Classification
	Rock Scour Digital Transformation
		Introduction
		What Are the Challenges in Setting Up a Digital Twin in Rock Scour?
		Why Should a Digital Twin in Rock Scour Be Considered?
		Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Principles in Rock Scour
		Digital Outlook
	References
Chapter 3 Rock Scour Computational Methods
	Introduction
	Group I: Empirical Formulae and Laboratory Physical Modelling
		Bollaert (2002), Manso (2006), Federspiel (2011) and Duarte (2014)
		George (2012)
		Pells (2016) and Douglas et al. (2018)
		Calitz (2015) and Bosman (2021)
		Kashtiban et al. (2021) and Koulibaly et al. (2023)
		Jamet et al. (2022)
	Group II: Semi-empirical Methods
	Group III: Analytical Methods
		Initiation of Motion-Based Methods
		Fracture Mechanics Methods
	Group IV: CFD Modelling with Single Water-Rock Coupling
		CFD Modelling
		CFD-CSM Modelling (Bollaert 2018)
		CFD – Index-Based Modelling (Pells et al. 2022)
		CFD – Kinematic Block Modelling (Hurst et al. 2021; George et al. 2022)
	Group V: Sequentially Coupled Water-Rock Modelling
		CSM Water-Rock Coupling (Bollaert and Schleiss 2005; Bollaert 2012)
		CFD – Regression Coupling (Bosman 2021)
		CFD – Sediment Transport Coupling (Castillo and Carrillo 2016)
		LBM-DEM Coupling (Gardner and Sitar 2019; Gardner 2023)
		CFD-DEM Coupling
		DFN Water-Rock Coupling (Li and Liu 2010)
	Synthesis and Outlook
	References
Chapter 4 Digital Rock Scour Platforms
	Definition and Key Features
	Types of Digital Platforms
		Based on Business Model
		Based on Ownership Structure
		Based on IT Framework
		Based on User Intervention
		Based on Data Connectivity
	Key Features of a Rock Scour Digital Platform
		Modelling Pertinence and Precision
		Phase Coupling
		Computational Methods
		Accessibility and Updatability
		Security
		Data-Driven Intelligence and Parametric Standardization
		Connectivity
	The rocsc@r® Digital Environment
		Introduction
		The X_pl@re Software Platform
		The X_ch@nge Database Platform
		The RemoteSc@r API connection
		Key Features of the Rocsc@r Environment
	References
Chapter 5 Digital Twins in Rock Scour
	Definition of Digital Twins
	Types of Digital Twins
		Twins Based on Data Exchange
		Twins Based on Application Areas
	Level of Technology of Digital Twins
		Level 0: Unconnected Model
		Level 1: Physical-to-Digital Connection
		Level 2: Diagnostics and Problem Identification
		Level 3: Prognostics of Different Future States
		Level 4: AI and Active Decision-Making
		Level 5: Fully Operational Digital Twin – No Human Intervention
	Examples of Digital Twin Developments in Dam Engineering
	Digital Twin Developments in Rock Scour Engineering
		Introduction
		Physical Elements
		Building Blocks
		Flowchart of Digital Twin for Rock Scour at Hydraulic Structures
		Development of a Digital Twin for Rock Scour at Hydraulic Structures
	The TwinSc@r™ Application
		Introduction
		Generated Output
		User Interface
	References
Chapter 6 Digital Models for Rock Scour
	Introduction
	Digitalized Flow Models
		The 2D Plunging Jet Model
		The Generic Interface Flow Model
		The 1D Transient Flow Model
		The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Model
	Digitalized Rock Mass Models
		Types of Rock Mass Models
		The Conceptual Model (CM)
		The Prismatic Block Model (PBM)
		The Distinct Element Model (DEM) (Cundall 1971)
		The Bonded Particle Model (BPM) (Potyondy and Cundall 2004)
		The Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) model (Xu and Dowd 2010)
		The Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) model (Pierce et al. 2007)
	Digitalized Scour Computational Models
		Erodibility Index Method (EIM)
		Dynamic Pressure (DP) Method
		Dynamic Impulsion (DI) Methods
		Quasi-Steady Impulsion (QSI) Methods
		Comprehensive Fracture Mechanics (CFM) Model
	References
Chapter 7 Digital Scour Applications
	Introduction
	Definition of Scour Depth
	Deterministic-Based Scour Computations
		The Stellenbosch Laboratory Experiments
		Wivenhoe Dam (Australia)
		Calibration of Computational Models
		Recommendations for Practice
	Preliminary Scour Diagnostics
		Preliminary Diagnostics for Weak and/or Weathered/Altered Rock
		Preliminary Diagnostics for Strong Competent Rock
		Comparison with Erodibility Index Methods (EIM)
	Probabilistic-Based Scour Computations
		Introduction
		Monte-Carlo Scour Simulations
		Probabilistic Parameters
		Probability Density Functions
		Correlations between Parameters
		Digital Application
		Probabilistic Outcome
		Case Study: Stellenbosch Experiments
		Case Study: Chucás Dam 2017 Flood Event
		Case Study: Bed-Parallel Turbulent Flow with Head-Cut Migration
	Advanced CFD-Based Fluid-Solid Scour Computations
		Introduction
		2D Fluid-Solid Coupling
		3D Fluid-Solid Coupling
	References
Index