Digital Grid: New Internet-Like Multi-directional Power Supply

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Part I Dissecting the Power System
1 The Curse of the Power System
	1.1 Proposing the “Truck Model”
	1.2 Frequency Corresponds to Tire Rotation Speed
	1.3 Maintaining a Constant Speed Uphill and Downhill
	1.4 Simultaneous and Equal Quantities
	1.5 New Entrants Must Strictly Adhere to Consistent Speeds
	1.6 The Power System is a Truck with No Brakes
	1.7 Hundreds and Thousands of Trucks in a Synchronized March
	1.8 Capricious Acceleration and Deceleration of Renewable Energy
	1.9 The Curse of Power Systems
2 The Mechanism of Synchronous Power Systems
	2.1 The Mechanism of Synchronous Generators
	2.2 Rotating Magnetic Field Generates Current
	2.3 Initiating Synchronous Operation of Generators
	2.4 Synchronizing the Generator with the Grid
	2.5 Increasing the Output of the Generator
	2.6 Synchronous Generator Power Output and Parallel Operation
	2.7 Giant Inertia of Generators and Instantaneous Voltage Sags
	2.8 Detecting Electricity Demand
	2.9 Power Flow Control Between Power Company Territories
	2.10 The Speed of Light in Transmitting Electrical Energy
	Reference
3 The Inevitability of Power Company Gigantism
	3.1 The War of DC Versus AC
	3.2 Frequency Constraints Lead to Monopolization of Regional Demand
	3.3 Absorbing Smaller Power Companies and Becoming Massive
	3.4 Easier Frequency and Voltage Control in Larger Power Systems
	3.5 The Inevitability of Regional Monopolies
	3.6 Delays in Technological Innovation Due to Total Cost-Based Pricing
	References
4 The Power System’s Struggle with Renewable Energy
	4.1 Grid-Connection Mechanism for Renewable Energy Sources
	4.2 Downward Reserve Insufficiency Problem
	4.3 Preventing Stand-Alone Operation and Simultaneous Tripping Issue
	4.4 The Surge of Renewable Energy and FIT
	4.5 European Initiatives and Germany’s Renewable Energy Act
	4.6 Germany’s Energy Transformation
	4.7 Spain’s Struggles as a Leader in Forecasting Technology
	4.8 Emergence of Solar Power Connection Review Suspension Issue in Japan
	4.9 Conditional Bidding for Mandatory Shutdown of Wind Power Plants
	4.10 Manifestation of Contradictions Due to Increased Renewable Energy
	References
Part II Digital Grid
5 Escaping the Curse of Power Systems
	5.1 Challenges of Mass Renewable Energy Adoption
	5.2 Is Grid Reinforcement the Answer?
	5.3 Energy (kWh) and Power (kW)
	5.4 Maintaining Grid Stability
	5.5 Is Distributed Control the Solution?
	5.6 The Enormous Utility of Asynchronous Interconnection
	5.7 Escaping the Curse of Power Systems
	References
6 The Birth of the Digital Grid
	6.1 Inverter Technology for Asynchronous Interconnection
	6.2 Automatic Transmissions in Cars: Similar to Asynchronous Interconnection in Power System
	6.3 The Invention of the Digital Grid Router
	6.4 DGR Connects to the Internet
	6.5 The Birth of the Digital Grid
	6.6 Cell Grids Lively Begin Operations
	6.7 First, Fulfill Local Demand Within the Cell
	6.8 Share Surplus with Other Cells and the Existing Grid
	6.9 Cell Grid System Eliminating Cascading Power Outages
	6.10 The Digital Grid as an Evolving Power System
	References
7 Cell Mechanism Favorable for Renewables
	7.1 Mechanism for the Increase in Renewables
	7.2 Definition of a Cell
	7.3 Cell Composition
	7.4 Imagining the Size of a Cell
	7.5 Shopping Malls as Energy Production Centers
	7.6 The Second Wave of Power Generation Brought by Gas Liberalization
	7.7 Advantageous Cell Mechanism for Renewable Energy
	7.8 Renewable Energy Investment Recovery Mechanism
	7.9 Renewable Energy Becoming Social Infrastructure
	References
8 The Rise of Small-Scale Autonomous Distributed Power Systems
	8.1 Liberation from Institutional Constraints
	8.2 Similarities and Differences in the Changes in the Information and Communications Industry
	8.3 Recommendations for the Electricity Liberalization Process
	8.4 Liberalization of Distribution Networks is the Key
	8.5 Promoting Private Power Sharing Business
	8.6 The Weight of Wheeling Charge
	8.7 Distorted Structure of Wheeling Charge
	8.8 Transitioning to Coexistence with Distributed Generation Cells
	8.9 Emergence of Local Governments as Players
	8.10 The Key to Regional Revitalization Lies in Energy
	References
9 Energy Sources and Timing Pulses from the Universe
	9.1 Abundant Natural Energy
	9.2 Power System for RE Utilization
	9.3 Synchronized Operation of Cell-Internal Inverter Groups
	9.4 Synchronizing Signals from GPS Satellites
	9.5 A Major Revolution in Power System Engineering
	9.6 Automation of Renewable Output Suppression
	9.7 Realization of 100% Renewable Energy Cell
	9.8 Connecting Time-Synchronized Power Grids and Conventional Grids
	9.9 All Blessings Come from the Universe
Part III Power Internet
10 The World of Ubiquitous Inverters
	10.1 What is an Inverter?
	10.2 Inverters Are Everywhere
	10.3 Keeping Transaction Records (Logs)
	10.4 Capturing Electricity from Generation to Consumption
	10.5 Transition from Hardware-Centric to Software-Centric
	10.6 Proton Development
	10.7 Inverter Price Disruption
	Reference
11 Power Packets and Commercialization
	11.1 IP Address-Enabled Digital Grid Routers
	11.2 Minimum Unit of Power Packet
	11.3 Power Packets with Diverse Properties
	11.4 Sending Electricity Through Routers like E-mail
	11.5 CO2 Value also Packetized
	11.6 Weather Forecast Insurance Productized
	11.7 Derivatives Emerging in Power Markets
12 The Power Internet
	12.1 LAN, WAN Configuration, and Digital Grid
	12.2 The Emergence of Service Providers
	12.3 A Trading Market that Transforms Every 30 min
	12.4 Creating Private Lines as a New Route Formation
	12.5 Battery as a Buffer
	12.6 Essential Differences Between the Information Internet and the Digital Grid
	12.7 Similarities with Money Transfers at ATMs
	12.8 P2P Power Network
	12.9 Best-Effort Power System
	References
Part IV Energy-Centric Economy
13 Power Shift from Producers to Consumers
	13.1 Full-Course Menu and a La Carte
	13.2 Consumer Choices Transform Power Supply Composition
	13.3 Shift from Planned Economy to Free Market Begins
	13.4 The Rise of Self-Generation
	13.5 The Emergence of Prosumers
	13.6 Zero Marginal Cost Energy Sources
	13.7 The Impact of Zero Marginal Cost
	13.8 Sharing Economy
	References
14 Decentralization from Urban Concentration to Affluent Regions
	14.1 Where Is the Market?
	14.2 Wealth Drained from the Regions
	14.3 A Treasure Trove of Renewable Energy
	14.4 Let Us Buy Hometown Electricity
	14.5 Leverage Your Investment
	14.6 Rural Enterprise Model
	14.7 The Pivotal Role of Regional Banks
	14.8 Utilizing the PFI Scheme
	14.9 Regional Prosperity Enriches the Nation
	14.10 Power Company Business Model
	References
15 The Expanding Renewable Energy Economy
	15.1 Identifiability and Homogeneity of Electricity
	15.2 Similarities with Money
	15.3 The Essence of Money
	15.4 The FinTech Revolution Reaches the Energy Sector
	15.5 The Emergence of Blockchain
	15.6 Applying to the Digital Grid
	References
Part V Paradigm Shift in Energy Systems
16 The Enormity of the Untapped Market
	16.1 Let us Look at the World
	16.2 Approach to Off-Grid Areas
	16.3 Approach to Weak Grids
	16.4 The Paris Agreement and Climate Change Mitigation
	References
17 Digital Grid Proposals
	17.1 The Nature of the Digital Grid
	17.2 80% Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
	17.3 Pilot Test Launch
	17.4 Expanding Market
	17.5 Surging Power Demand on a Different Scale
	17.6 Recommendations for Policymakers
	17.7 The Role Japan Must Play
	Reference
Part VI The World Seven Years Later
18 What Changed and Started Over Seven Years
	18.1 Slowing Down of Renewable Energy
	18.2 Great Incentives and Pressures for Local Governments
	18.3 Technical Constraints for Large-Scale Renewable Energy Introduction
	18.4 Grid Forming Inverters to Solve Constraints for Large-Scale Renewable Energy Introduction
	18.5 Establishing AC and DC Double Distribution Technology
	18.6 Dual Power Supply Business Model
	References
19 The New Power Platform Begins
	19.1 The Birth of the Digital Grid World
	19.2 Private FIT
	19.3 Innovation Platform
	19.4 From a Giant Power Industry to a Decentralized Power Industry
Epilogue