Digital Electronics for Musicians: Build Intuitive Electronics and Electroacoustic Music Interfaces

Table of Contents
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pure Data
	Before We Start
	Pd Basics: How It Works
	Our First Patch
		The Control Domain
		Execution Order
		Bang!
		Comments
	Getting Help
	GUIs
		Pd Patches Behave like Text Files
	Making Oscillators in Pd
		Making a Triangle Wave Oscillator
		Making a Sawtooth Oscillator
		Making a Square Wave Oscillator
	Using Tables in Pd
	Making Wireless Connections
	Subpatches and Abstractions
		The $0 Number
	Control Domain vs. Signal Domain
	Basic Electronic Music Techniques
		Additive Synthesis
		Ring Modulation
		Amplitude Modulation
		Frequency Modulation
		Envelopes
	Audio Input in Pd
		Delay Lines in Pd
		Reverb
		Filters
		Audio and MIDI Settings
	Additional Thoughts
	Conclusion
Chapter 2: Introduction to Arduino
	Arduino Jump Start
	Parts List
	The Blink Sketch
	Digital Input
		Defining Variables in Arduino
		Further Explanation of the Code
		Classes in Arduino and the Serial Communication
		Further Explanation
		Building Circuits on a Breadboard
	Pull-Up vs. Pull-Down Resistors
	Both Digital Input and Output
	Analog Input
	Analog Input and Output
	Reading More Than One Pin, Arrays, and the for Loop
		Explaining the for Loop
		Using Arrays in Arduino
	Analog and Digital Input
	Communicating with Pd
	Sending Data from Pd to Arduino
	Conclusion
Chapter 3: Embedded Computers
	Before You Begin
	Parts List
	Why Use Embedded Computers?
	Getting Started with the Pi
		Logging In to the Pi from macOS and Linux
		Logging In from Windows
		Navigating Through the Linux System
		Editing Text Files in Linux
		Installing Software
		Launching Pd
		Setting a Static IP on the Pi
		Shutting Down or Rebooting the Pi
		Setting a Static IP on Your Computer
	Getting Started with the Bela
	Exchanging Files Between Your Computer and the Pi or Bela
		Transfer Files from macOS and Linux to the Pi or Bela and Vice Versa
		Transfer Files from Windows to the Pi or Bela and Vice Versa
			Transferring Files with pscp.exe
			Transferring Files with WinSCP
	Conclusions
Chapter 4: Going Wireless
	Before You Begin
	XBee vs. WiFi
	Using the XBee with Arduino
		Configuring the XBee
			Configuring the XBee on macOS and Linux with CoolTerm
			Configuring the XBee with Minicom
			Configuring the XBee on Windows
		Writing AT Commands to Configure the XBee
		Testing the Wireless Connection
	Using the Arduino Nano ESP32 with WiFi
	Conclusion
Chapter 5: Getting Started with Musical Applications
	Parts List
	Frequency Modulation Interface
		Making the Pd Patch
			Receiving Values from the Arduino
			Implementing Frequency Modulation in Pd
			Building the Modulator Oscillator
			Handling the Values Received from the Arduino
			Sending Data from Pd to the Arduino
		Arduino Code for Frequency Modulation Patch
		Circuit for Arduino Code
	A Simple Drum Machine Interface
		Building the Pd Patch
			The Parent Patch
			The arduino_stuff Subpatch
			The sound_tabs Subpatch
			The audio_out Subpatch
			The metronome Subpatch
			The set_sequence Subpatch
				The diffuse_beats Subpatch
				The set_tab Subpatch
			Concluding the Patch and Explaining the Data Received from the Arduino
		Arduino Code for Drum Machine Patch
			Circuit for Arduino Code
	Drum Machine and Frequency Modulation Combination
		Arduino Code
		Pd Patch for Drum Machine–FM Interface
			The arduino_stuff Subpatch
			The metronome Subpatch
			The drum_machine Subpatch
			The frequency_modulation Subpatch
				The modulator Subpatch
	Conclusion
Chapter 6: An Interactive Glove
	Parts List
	Writing the Arduino Code
	Building the Circuit of the Accelerometer
	Building the Pd Patch
		The Graph-On-Parent Subpatches
		The [pd freq_modulation] Subpatch
		The [pd pitch_shift] Subpatch
	The Glove
	Conclusion
Chapter 7: An Interactive Drum Set
	Parts List
	First Approach to Detecting Drum Hits
		First Version of the Circuit
		Read the Drum Hits in Pd
		Getting the Maximum Value
	Finalizing the Circuit and Arduino Code
		Adding Switches and LEDs to the Circuit and Code
	Building the Pd Patch
		Building the Audio File Abstraction
			Creating Different Types of Playback
				The [pd ascend] Subpatch
			The [pd descend] Subpatch
			The [pd repeatedly] Subpatch
			The extract_list Subpatch
			The [pd repeat_list] Subpatch
			The [pd set_ramp_length] Subpatch
		Building the Abstraction to Receive Input from the Arduino
		The Main Patch
			The sound_tabs Subpatch
			The [pd control_type] Subpatch
			Some Notes on the Patch
	Making the Circuit Enclosure
	Conclusion
Chapter 8: A DIY Theremin
	Parts List
	Using a Proximity Sensor with the Arduino
		Smoothing Out the Sensor Values
	Using Two Proximity Sensors and Four Potentiometers
		The Arduino Code
		The Circuit
		The Pd Patch
	Building the Oscillators for the Theremin
		Creating Band-Limited Waveforms
			Creating the Rest of the Waveforms with sinesum
		Reading the Stored Band-Limited Waveforms
	Finalizing the Interface
		Adding Switches to the Arduino Code to Control the Waveforms of the Oscillators
			The Global Variables
			The setup Function
			Using the Push Buttons to Select a Waveform
			Controlling the LEDs According to the Switch and the Push Buttons
			Writing the Data to the Serial Line
		Making the Circuit
		Putting It All Together
			Building the Final Pd Patch
			The Subpatches for Choosing Waveforms
			The [pd waveforms] Subpatch
			The [pd arduino_stuff] Subpatch
		Adding a Push Button for Switching Off the Embedded Computer
		Reading the Extra Push Button in Pd and Shutting Down the Pi
		Loading the Pd Patch on Boot
	Some Tips
	Conclusion
Chapter 9: Making a Looper
	Parts List
	What Is a Looper?
	Recording Our First Sounds in Pd
		Playing Back the Recorded Sound
			Smoothing the Start and End of the Recording
		Controlling the Speed and Direction of the Playback
	Making Recordings of Arbitrary Lengths
		Retrieving the Length of the Recording
	Overdubbing
		Getting Rid of Clipping
		Getting the Start Position of the Overdubbing
		Knowing When to Stop Overdubbing
	Playing Back a Portion of the Recording
	Synchronizing End of Recording with Beginning of Playback
	Start Building the Interface
		Building the Circuit on a Breadboard
		Working Further on the Pd Patch
			The [pd rec] Subpatch
			The [pd phasor] Subpatch
				The [pot~] Abstraction
				The [pd phase_reset] Subpatch
			The [pd playback] Subpatch
			The [pd overdub] Subpatch
			The [pd overdub_position] Subpatch
			The [pd init] Subpatch
			The [pd control_LEDs_after_overdub] Subpatch
			The foot-switch Subpatches
				The [pd foot_switch1] Subpatch
				The [pd foot_switch2] Subpatch
				The [pd foot_switch4] Subpatch
		Putting It All Together
	Making an Enclosure
	Running the Pd Patch on Boot
	Some Tips
		Including the [tabwrite_dir~] External Object
		Creating a Shield for the Circuit
	Conclusion
Chapter 10: A Patch-Bay Matrix Synthesizer
	Parts List
	What We Want to Achieve in This Chapter
	Extending the Arduino Analog Pins
		How a Multiplexer Works
		Writing Code to Control a Multiplexer
			Reading the 16 Values of the Multiplexer
		Wiring 16 Potentiometers to the Multiplexer
	Extending the Arduino Digital Pins
		Using the Input Shift Register
			Making the Input Shift Register Circuit
			The Pd Patch That Reads the Eight Switches
			Daisy-Chaining the Input Shift Registers
				Extending the Pd Patch to Read 16 Push Buttons
		Using the Output Shift Register
			The bitSet and bitClear Functions
			Making the Output Shift Register Circuit
			Daisy-Chaining the Output Shift Registers
		Combining the Input and Output Shift Registers
	Making a Patch-Bay Matrix
		Implementing a Patch-Bay Matrix with the Arduino
			The Main Mechanism of the Code
				The checkConnections() Function
				Continuing with the loop() Function
		Making the Pd Patch That Reads the Connections
			The Heart of the Patch Mechanism
			Detecting Connections
		Making the Patch-Bay Matrix Circuit
	Start Building the Audio Part of the Pd Patch
		A Signal Matrix in Pd
		Building the Modules for the Synthesizer
			The First Module: A Non-band Limited Oscillator
			The Second Module: A Band-Limited Oscillator
			The Third Module: A Multiple Type Filter
			The Fourth Module: Two Envelopes
	The Final Patch
		The arduino_stuff Subpatch
			The [pd potentiometers] Subpatch
			The [pd create_mtx_msg] Subpatch
			The [pd get_switches] Subpatch
	The Final Arduino Code
		Using Binary Numbers for Masking
		The checkConnections() Function
		The Main loop() Function
		Controlling the LEDs with the Switches of the Shift Registers
	The Final Circuit
	Making an Enclosure
		Shutting Down the Embedded Computer
	Conclusion
Chapter 11: Interactive Projects with AI
	What Are Neural Networks?
	Parts List
	An Interactive Drum Synthesizer
		The [neuralnet] External Object
		The Main Pd Patch
		The NN Settings Subpatches
		The [pd percussion] Subpatch
		The [pd sliders] Subpatch
		How to Train the Networks
		Some Tips
	An Augmented MIDI Keyboard with AI-Waveshaping
		Creating the Circuit
		Controlling the LCD
		Configuring the Pi to Receive MIDI Through Its GPIO Pins
		Making the Pd Patch
			The [pd steps_and_notes] Subpatch
			The [pd sequencer] Subpatch
			The [pd pd2py2pd] Subpatch
		The ai_synth_voice.pd Abstraction
		Training the Network
		Writing the Scripts to Launch the Project
		Some Tips
	Conclusion
Index