Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications (Communications Engineering & Emerging Technology Series from Ted Rappaport)

About This eBook
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Preface
	Organization of the Book
	Additional Book Resources
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1. Signals and Spectra
	1.1 Digital Communication Signal Processing
	1.2 Classification of Signals
	1.3 Spectral Density
	1.4 Autocorrelation
	1.5 Random Signals
	1.6 Signal Transmission Through Linear Systems
	1.7 Bandwidth of Digital Data
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 2. Formatting and Baseband Modulation
	2.1 Baseband Systems
	2.2 Formatting Textual Data (Character Coding)
	2.3 Messages, Characters, and Symbols
	2.4 Formatting Analog Information
	2.5 Sources of Corruption
	2.6 Pulse Code Modulation
	2.7 Uniform and Nonuniform Quantization
	2.8 Baseband Transmission
	2.9 Correlative Coding
	2.10 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 3. Baseband Demodulation/Detection
	3.1 Signals and Noise
	3.2 Detection of Binary Signals in Gaussian Noise
	3.3 Intersymbol Interference
	3.4 Equalization
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 4. Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation/Detection
	4.1 Why Modulate?
	4.2 Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques
	4.3 Detection of Signals in Gaussian Noise
	4.4 Coherent Detection
	4.5 Noncoherent Detection
	4.6 Complex Envelope
	4.7 Error Performance for Binary Systems
	4.8 M-ary Signaling and Performance
	4.9 Symbol Error Performance for M-ary Systems (M>2)
	4.10 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 5. Communications Link Analysis
	5.1 What the System Link Budget Tells the System Engineer
	5.2 The Channel
	5.3 Received Signal Power and Noise Power
	5.4 Link Budget Analysis
	5.5 Noise Figure, Noise Temperature, and System Temperature
	5.6 Sample Link Analysis
	5.7 Satellite Repeaters
	5.8 System Trade-Offs
	5.9 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 6. Channel Coding: Part 1: Waveform Codes and Block Codes
	6.1 Waveform Coding and Structured Sequences
	6.2 Types of Error Control
	6.3 Structured Sequences
	6.4 Linear Block Codes
	6.5 Error-Detecting and Error-Correcting Capability
	6.6 Usefulness of the Standard Array
	6.7 Cyclic Codes
	6.8 Well-Known Block Codes
	6.9 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 7. Channel Coding: Part 2: Convolutional Codes and Reed–Solomon Codes
	7.1 Convolutional Encoding
	7.2 Convolutional Encoder Representation
	7.3 Formulation of the Convolutional Decoding Problem
	7.4 Properties of Convolutional Codes
	7.5 Other Convolutional Decoding Algorithms
	7.6 Reed–Solomon Codes
	7.7 Interleaving and Concatenated Codes
	7.8 Coding and Interleaving Applied to the Compact Disc Digital Audio System
	7.9 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 8. Channel Coding: Part 3: Turbo Codes and Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes
	8.1 Turbo Codes
	8.2 Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes
	Appendix 8A: The Sum of Log-Likelihood Ratios
	Appendix 8B: Using Bayes’ Theorem to Simplify the Bit Conditional Probability
	Appendix 8C: Probability that a Binary Sequence Contains an Even Number of Ones
	Appendix 8D: Simplified Expression for the Hyperbolic Tangent of the Natural Log of a Ratio of Binary Probabilities
	Appendix 8E: Proof that ϕ(x) = ϕ–1(x)
	Appendix 8F: Bit Probability Initialization
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 9. Modulation and Coding Trade-Offs
	9.1 Goals of the Communication System Designer
	9.2 Error-Probability Plane
	9.3 Nyquist Minimum Bandwidth
	9.4 Shannon–Hartley Capacity Theorem
	9.5 Bandwidth-Efficiency Plane
	9.6 Modulation and Coding Trade-Offs
	9.7 Defining, Designing, and Evaluating Digital Communication Systems
	9.8 Bandwidth-Efficient Modulation
	9.9 Trellis-Coded Modulation
	9.10 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 10. Synchronization
	10.1 Receiver Synchronization
	10.2 Synchronous Demodulation
	10.3 Loop Filters, Control Circuits, and Acquisition
	10.4 Phase-Locked Loop Timing Recovery
	10.5 Frequency Recovery Using a Frequency-Locked Loop (FLL)
	10.6 Effects of Phase and Frequency Offsets
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 11. Multiplexing and Multiple Access
	11.1 Allocation of the Communications Resource
	11.2 Multiple-Access Communications System and Architecture
	11.3 Access Algorithms
	11.4 Multiple-Access Techniques Employed with INTELSAT
	11.5 Multiple-Access Techniques for Local Area Networks
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 12. Spread-Spectrum Techniques
	12.1 Spread-Spectrum Overview
	12.2 Pseudonoise Sequences
	12.3 Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems
	12.4 Frequency-Hopping Systems
	12.5 Synchronization
	12.6 Jamming Considerations
	12.7 Commercial Applications
	12.8 Cellular Systems
	12.9 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 13. Source Coding
	13.1 Sources
	13.2 Amplitude Quantizing
	13.3 Pulse Code Modulation
	13.4 Adaptive Prediction
	13.5 Block Coding
	13.6 Transform Coding
	13.7 Source Coding for Digital Data
	13.8 Examples of Source Coding
	13.9 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 14. Fading Channels
	14.1 The Challenge of Communicating over Fading Channels
	14.2 Characterizing Mobile-Radio Propagation
	14.3 Signal Time Spreading
	14.4 Time Variance of the Channel Caused by Motion
	14.5 Mitigating the Degradation Effects of Fading
	14.6 Summary of the Key Parameters Characterizing Fading Channels
	14.7 Applications: Mitigating the Effects of Frequency-Selective Fading
	14.8 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 15. The ABCs of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing)
	15.1 What Is OFDM?
	15.2 Why OFDM?
	15.3 Getting Started with OFDM
	15.4 Our Wish List (Preference for Flat Fading and Slow Fading)
	15.5 Conventional Multi-Channel FDM versus Multi-Channel OFDM
	15.6 The History of the Cyclic Prefix (CP)
	15.7 OFDM System Block Diagram
	15.8 Zooming in on the IDFT
	15.9 An Example of OFDM Waveform Synthesis
	15.10 Summarizing OFDM Waveform Synthesis
	15.11 Data Constellation Points Distributed over the Subcarrier Indexes
	15.12 Hermitian Symmetry
	15.13 How Many Subcarriers Are Needed?
	15.14 The Importance of the Cyclic Prefix (CP) in OFDM
	15.15 An Early OFDM Application: Wi-Fi Standard 802.11a
	15.16 Cyclic Prefix (CP) and Tone Spacing
	15.17 Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Use of OFDM
	15.18 Drawbacks of OFDM
	15.19 Single-Carrier OFDM (SC-OFDM) for Improved PAPR Over Standard OFDM
	15.20 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Chapter 16. The Magic of MIMO (Multiple Input/Multiple Output)
	16.1 What is MIMO?
	16.2 Various Benefits of Multiple Antennas
	16.3 Spatial Multiplexing
	16.4 Capacity Performance
	16.5 Transmitter Channel-State Information (CSI)
	16.6 Space-Time Coding
	16.7 MIMO Trade-Offs
	16.8 Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
	16.9 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Index
Chapter 17. Encryption and Decryption
	17.1 Models, Goals, and Early Cipher Systems
	17.2 The Secrecy of a Cipher System
	17.3 Practical Security
	17.4 Stream Encryption
	17.5 Public Key Cryptosystems
	17.6 Pretty Good Privacy
	17.7 Conclusion
	References
	Problems
	Questions
Appendix A. A Review of Fourier Techniques
	A.1 Signals, Spectra, and Linear Systems
	A.2 Fourier Techniques for Linear System Analysis
	A.3 Fourier Transform Properties
	A.4 Useful Functions
	A.5 Convolution
	A.6 Tables of Fourier Transforms and Operations
	A.7 sampled data fourier transform
	References
Appendix B. Fundamentals of Statistical Decision Theory
	B.1 Bayes’ Theorem
	B.2 Decision Theory
	B.3 Signal Detection Example
	References
Appendix C. Response of a Correlator to White Noise
Appendix D. Often-Used Identities
Appendix E. S-Domain, Z-Domain, and Digital Filtering
	E.1 The Laplace Transform
	E.2 The z-transform
	E.3 Digital Filtering
	E.4 Finite Impulse Response Filter Design
	E.5 Infinite Impulse Response Filter Design
	References
Appendix F. OFDM Symbol Formation with an N-Point Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT)
Appendix G. List of Symbols