Digital Communication and Populism in Times of Covid-19: Cases, Strategies, Examples (Studies in Digital Politics and Governance)

Contents
Chapter 1: The Digital Present and the Future of Political Communication: Introduction and Prospects
	1 Overview of the Chapters
	References
Part I: Digital Methodologies
	Chapter 2: New Methodological Perspectives in Political Communication Research: Machine Learning and Algorithms
		1 Introduction
		2 Media Digitisation and Research
		3 Classification and Data Structuring: Machine Learning
			3.1 Lemmatisation and Stemming
			3.2 Sentiment Analysis
			3.3 Summarisation and Topic Modelling
			3.4 Text Classification
			3.5 Keyword Extraction
			3.6 Image Analysis
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: Feminist Framing in Times of Pandemic: An Analysis of the Spanish Case
		1 Introduction
		2 Data and Methods
		3 Findings
		4 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Ten Years of Immigration: Ten Years of Polarisation? A Media Analysis of the Andalusian Case (2012-2022) Through Na...
		1 Introduction
		2 Mass Media and Immigration: Does the Media Participate in this Polarisation?
		3 Data and Methods
		4 Findings
		5 Conclusion and Discussion
		References
Part II: Case Studies
	Chapter 5: Social Media as an Information and Voter Activity Tool on the Example of the 2020 Presidential Election in Poland
		1 Introduction
		2 Social Media as Information and Mobilisation Tool: Literature Review
		3 Research Context-The Polish Presidential Election During the COVID-2019 Pandemic
		4 Voter Activity in Social Media: Example of FB Group ``PoloniaNIEmaWyboru´´
		5 The Survey for Voting Abroad
			5.1 Methodology
			5.2 Results
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6: Digital Disinformation During the 2020 Parliamentary Elections in Lithuania
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Background
		3 Results
			3.1 Russian Interference in Lithuania´s 2020 Parliamentary Elections
			3.2 Political Polarisation in Lithuania and Disinformation During the 2020 Elections
			3.3 Potential Technical Gaps
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Mexico´s Governmental Communication Strategy ``Las Vespertinas´´ in Times of COVID-19: Crises and Strategies of a P...
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 ``Las Vespertinas´´: A Theoretical Framework
		4 Methodology
		5 Case Study: ``Las Vespertinas.´´ Mexico Facing COVID-19
			5.1 Syntactic Analysis
			5.2 Semantic Analysis
			5.3 Pragmatic Analysis
		6 Conclusions: Further Work
		References
	Chapter 8: Polish Deputies Support to the Anti-vaccination Movement in Social Media. The Case of Confederation Leaders
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Methodology
		4 Results
			4.1 Styles of Communication in Social Media by Krzysztof Bosak and Grzegorz Braun on Their Facebook Profiles
			4.2 The Anti-vaccination Content in Social Media: Comparative Analysis
		5 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Memory and Remembrance in Digital Populist Discourse in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic: Case Study of @TPPatriots (Tea ...
		1 Introduction
		2 Collective Memory in the Digital Age
		3 Collective Memory in the Age of Social Media
		4 Contemporary Radical-Right Movements
		5 Tea Party Patriots
		6 Alt-Right and COVID-19 Pandemic
		7 Methods
		8 Research and Discussion
		9 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 10: The Anti-feminist Agenda of the Spanish Populist Radical Right in Times of COVID-19 Crisis: A Comparative Approach
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Crises, the Radical Right, and the COVID-19 Pandemic
			2.2 Gender Issues in the Populist Radical Right
		3 Methodology
		4 Results
		5 Conclusions
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 11: Rise of e-Citizens in Croatia: A Case Study of the Croatian Main e-Government Platform During the Time of the Pand...
		1 Introduction
		2 Digital Transformation in a Pandemic
		3 The Influence of the Pandemic on the Digitalisation of Public Administration
		4 Methodology
			4.1 Sample
		5 Results
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Reflections on Social Changes and Future Directions and Challenges
	Chapter 12: Distributed, Decentralized Registries and Digital State. Are We Moving Toward a Blockchain Democracy?
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Research Framework
			1.2 Background: Blockchain Technology
		2 Findings
			2.1 Blockchain 3.0 and Democracy
			2.2 Blockchain Applications in Public Administration: Estonia
			2.3 Blockchain Applications in Public Administration: Georgia (Country)
			2.4 Blockchain Applications in Public Administration: Sweden
			2.5 I-Voting
			2.6 COVID-19 Pandemic
		3 Findings: Are We Moving Toward a Blockchain Democracy?
		References
	Chapter 13: Development of Central Bank Digital Currency as a Payment Method for the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Pandemic
		1 Introduction
		2 Review of the Literature
		3 Research Framework
		4 Results and Findings
			4.1 China
			4.2 Sweden
			4.3 Nigeria
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Populism, Political Legitimacy, and Digital Communication: An Alternative Conversation
		1 Introduction
		2 Conceptualization
		3 Communication, Legitimation, and Digital Avenues: Populism in a Changing Public Sphere
			3.1 Restructuring of the Public Sphere
			3.2 Change in How Mainstream Media Operates
			3.3 Digital Communications Interactivity
		4 Alternative Democracies: Can Populism Create Other Outcomes for Political Legitimacy Outside of the West?
		5 Conclusion
		References